New advances in the treatment of paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders.

This Review summarises recent pharmacological and upcoming alternative interventions for children with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). Pharmacological targets include prokinetics and drugs affecting gastric accommodation to treat postprandial distress and nausea. Similarly, anti-inflammatory agents, junctional protein regulators, analgesics, secretagogues, and serotonin antagonists have a therapeutic role for irritable bowel syndrome. Non-pharmacological treatments include peripheral electrical nerve field stimulation to the external ear, gastric electrical stimulation, dietary interventions such as low fructose and fibre based diets, and nutraceuticals, which include probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Newer psychological advances such as exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness meditation are being investigated for paediatric functional pain. Lastly, alternative therapies such as acupuncture, moxibustion, yoga, and spinal manipulation are also gaining popularity in the treatment of FAPDs.