Graph temporal ensembling based semi-supervised convolutional neural network with noisy labels for histopathology image analysis.

Although convolutional neural networks have achieved tremendous success on histopathology image classification, they usually require large-scale clean annotated data and are sensitive to noisy labels. Unfortunately, labeling large-scale images is laborious, expensive and lowly reliable for pathologists. To address these problems, in this paper, we propose a novel self-ensembling based deep architecture to leverage the semantic information of annotated images and explore the information hidden in unlabeled data, and meanwhile being robust to noisy labels. Specifically, the proposed architecture first creates ensemble targets for feature and label predictions of training samples, by using exponential moving average (EMA) to aggregate feature and label predictions within multiple previous training epochs. Then, the ensemble targets within the same class are mapped into a cluster so that they are further enhanced. Next, a consistency cost is utilized to form consensus predictions under different configurations. Finally, we validate the proposed method with extensive experiments on lung and breast cancer datasets that contain thousands of images. It can achieve 90.5% and 89.5% image classification accuracy using only 20% labeled patients on the two datasets, respectively. This performance is comparable to that of the baseline method with all labeled patients. Experiments also demonstrate its robustness to small percentage of noisy labels.