New model for particle removal from surface in presence of deformed liquid bridge.

Despite the importance of removing particles from surfaces, particularly in the presence of liquid bridge, the process is yet to be investigated properly. In this research, this important process is explored and a mathematical model is presented that predicts the fluid velocity required to initiate the motion of a particle embraced by a liquid bridge. The model succeeds in incorporating (i) the liquid-bridge deformation due to the fluid flow and (ii) the associated detachment and lateral adhesive forces that depend on the surface characteristics. The model can also predict two types of particle motion, namely rolling and sliding. The removal of silica and ice particles is examined experimentally and the results are compared with the model predictions, thereby confirming the accuracy of the model. The present findings suggest a strong influence of the adhesive forces generated by the liquid bridge as the main forces resisting the removal of the particle from the surface. This study has implications in furthering the understanding of the underlying mechanisms during the removal of particles from surfaces exposed to fluid flow.