Psychosocial correlates of cancer survival: a subsequent report 3 to 8 years after cancer diagnosis.

Professional and public interest in possible relationships between psychosocial factors and disease outcome continues to increase. Published research in this area, however, is marked by contradictory results. Positive relationships between a variety of psychosocial factors and length of survival from cancer are reported, but other studies uncover no such associations. In a previously reported prospective investigation of 359 patients with newly diagnosed malignant diseases, we found no relationship between clinical outcome and any psychosocial factor studied. We have continued to observe these patients, who are now up to 8 years post-diagnosis, and report here additional data on their disease outcomes as they relate to psychosocial factors assessed at diagnosis. Two groups of patients were studied: 204 patients with advanced, prognostically poor malignant disease at diagnosis; and 155 patients with intermediate or high-risk melanoma or breast cancer. Shortly after diagnosis, patients completed a self-report questionnaire that assessed seven psychosocial factors previously reported to predict longevity in the general population. Factors included social ties and marital history, job satisfaction, use of psychotropic drugs, general life satisfaction, subjective view of adult health, hopelessness, and perception of amount of adjustment required to cope with the new diagnosis. Clinical factors--performance status and extent of disease at diagnosis--predicted clinical outcome. No psychosocial factor consistently was associated with length of survival or remission. Results of additional exploratory analyses also are reported.