In Vivo and In Vitro Genetic Models of Congenital Heart Disease.

Congenital cardiovascular malformations represent the most common type of birth defect and encompass a spectrum of anomalies that range from mild to severe. The etiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) is becoming increasingly defined based on prior epidemiologic studies that supported the importance of genetic contributors and technological advances in human genome analysis. These have led to the discovery of a growing number of disease-contributing genetic abnormalities in individuals affected by CHD. The ever-growing population of adult CHD survivors, which are the result of reductions in mortality from CHD during childhood, and this newfound genetic knowledge have led to important questions regarding recurrence risks, the mechanisms by which these defects occur, the potential for novel approaches for prevention, and the prediction of long-term cardiovascular morbidity in adult CHD survivors. Here, we will review the current status of genetic models that accurately model human CHD as they provide an important tool to answer these questions and test novel therapeutic strategies.