Effect of surface curvature on the rate of cholesterol transfer between lipid vesicles.

The effect of surface curvature on the spontaneous movement of cholesterol between membranes was investigated by measuring the rates of cholesterol transfer from donor vesicles of various sizes to a common acceptor vesicle. Donor vesicles of size in the range 40-240 nm were prepared by extruding multilamellar dispersions through polycarbonate filters of different pore sizes under pressure. The smallest donor vesicle and the acceptor vesicles were obtained by the normal sonication procedures. The rate of cholesterol transfer, as measured by the movement of [3H]cholesterol, decreases with increasing size of the donor vesicle in an almost linear fashion. The extrapolation of the results gave a half-time (t1/2) of 16-20 h of the desorption of cholesterol from a planar bilayer, and this can be considered as a reference value for most cellular membranes which are characterized by very low curvatures. Our earlier studies have shown that the t1/2 for cholesterol efflux is influenced by the presence of gangliosides and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the asymmetric distribution of these lipids in the plasma membrane could partially account for the large difference in the rates of cholesterol movement from the two sides of the plasma membrane. The small differences in rates arising from asymmetric distribution will be magnified by the longer t1/2 obtained here for membranes of low curvatures, so that the large difference in rates might be a coupled effect of lipid asymmetry and low curvature of the plasma membrane. This, in turn, may have a role in maintaining the large differences in cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios observed between plasma membrane and intracellular membranes.