James M Law1, David E Morris2, Valerie Astle1, Ellie Finn3, José Joaquín Muros4, Lindsay J Robinson1, Tabitha Randell5, Louise Denvir5, Michael E Symonds1,6, Helen Budge1. 1. Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. 2. Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. 3. School of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 4. Department of Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. 5. Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom. 6. Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The interaction between thyroid status and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is complex. We assessed the effect of autoimmune hypothyroidism (ATD) in female children on BAT activation, measured using infrared thermography. DESIGN: Twenty-six female participants (14 with ATD and 12 healthy controls) between 5 and 17 years of age attended a single study session. Thermal images were taken of the supraclavicular region before, and after, the introduction of a cool stimulus. RESULTS: Participants with ATD had lower resting (hypothyroid, 34.9 ± 0.7°C; control, 35.4 ± 0.5°C; P = 0.03) and stimulated (hypothyroid, 35.0 ± 0.6°C; control, 35.5 ± 0.5°C; P = 0.04) supraclavicular temperatures compared with controls, but there was no difference between groups in the temperature increase with stimulation. BAT activation, calculated as the relative temperature change comparing the supraclavicular temperature to a sternal reference region, was reduced in participants with ATD (hypothyroid, 0.1 ± 0.1°C; control, 0.2 ± 0.2°C; P = 0.04). Children with ATD were frequently biochemically euthyroid due to replacement therapy, but, despite this, increased relative supraclavicular temperature was closely associated with increased TSH (r = 0.7, P = 0.01) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Girls with ATD had an attenuated thermogenic response to cold stimulation compared with healthy controls, but, contrary to expectation, those with suboptimal biochemical control (with higher TSH) showed increased BAT activation. This suggests that the underlying disease process may have a negative effect on BAT response, but high levels of TSH can mitigate, and even stimulate, BAT activity. In summary, thyroid status is a complex determinant of BAT activity in girls with ATD.
OBJECTIVE: The interaction between thyroid status and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is complex. We assessed the effect of autoimmune hypothyroidism (ATD) in female children on BAT activation, measured using infrared thermography. DESIGN: Twenty-six female participants (14 with ATD and 12 healthy controls) between 5 and 17 years of age attended a single study session. Thermal images were taken of the supraclavicular region before, and after, the introduction of a cool stimulus. RESULTS: Participants with ATD had lower resting (hypothyroid, 34.9 ± 0.7°C; control, 35.4 ± 0.5°C; P = 0.03) and stimulated (hypothyroid, 35.0 ± 0.6°C; control, 35.5 ± 0.5°C; P = 0.04) supraclavicular temperatures compared with controls, but there was no difference between groups in the temperature increase with stimulation. BAT activation, calculated as the relative temperature change comparing the supraclavicular temperature to a sternal reference region, was reduced in participants with ATD (hypothyroid, 0.1 ± 0.1°C; control, 0.2 ± 0.2°C; P = 0.04). Children with ATD were frequently biochemically euthyroid due to replacement therapy, but, despite this, increased relative supraclavicular temperature was closely associated with increased TSH (r = 0.7, P = 0.01) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Girls with ATD had an attenuated thermogenic response to cold stimulation compared with healthy controls, but, contrary to expectation, those with suboptimal biochemical control (with higher TSH) showed increased BAT activation. This suggests that the underlying disease process may have a negative effect on BAT response, but high levels of TSH can mitigate, and even stimulate, BAT activity. In summary, thyroid status is a complex determinant of BAT activity in girls with ATD.
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