Literature DB >> 31762776

Is there concordance between bone and tendon cultures in patients with foot tissue loss?

Vanessa Prado Dos Santos1, Carlos Alberto Silveira Alves2, André Brito Queiroz2, Maria Goreth Matos de Andrade Barberino2, Ronald José Ribeiro Fidelis2, Cícero Fidelis3, José Siqueira de Araújo3.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Deep infections of the extremities are a challenge that threaten limb salvage.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the results of bone and deep tissue cultures from patients with trophic limb ulcers coincide.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with data from 54 patients with deep trophic limb ulcers admitted to the Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador (BA), Brazil. The study analyzed all patients for whom cultures of material from foot wounds in patients with tissue loss had been performed using two specimen types: bone and fragments of deep tendon. The study analyzed concordance between the two sample types and total number of microorganisms and numbers of microorganisms by Gram staining in both samples.
RESULTS: The mean age of the 54 patients in the sample was 63.6 years, 80% had PAOD, 70% were diabetic, and 72% were hypertensive. Analysis of the cultures showed that 28 (52%) pairs of samples from the 54 patients exhibited complete concordance, with the same microorganisms grown from fragments of deep tendon and bone. There was partial disagreement in 13 samples (24%) and total disagreement in 13 (24%). On average, 1.62 microorganisms were isolated from deep tendon fragments and 1.72 were isolated from bone samples. Analyzing Gram-positive microorganisms separately, the mean number of species grown was 0.48 for tendon cultures and 0.44 for bone cultures. In contrast, the mean number of Gram-negative microorganisms isolated was 1.14 for tendon samples and 1.27 for bone samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Around half of the patients with foot tissue loss had bone and tendon cultures that coincided exactly.

Entities:  

Keywords:  diabetic foot; microbiological analysis; wound infections

Year:  2019        PMID: 31762776      PMCID: PMC6852700          DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.190063

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  J Vasc Bras        ISSN: 1677-5449


INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, the prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is around 10% among diabetics and 2.6% among non-diabetic patients.1 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the main risk factors for peripheral vascular disease.2 Patients with critical limb ischemia, characterized by pain at rest and ulcer or gangrene secondary to peripheral vascular disease are at high risk of cardiovascular events and limb loss.2 The risk of limb loss increases in the presence of infection and major amputations performed on diabetic patients are frequently associated with PAOD and/or infection.3 , 4 Diabetic patients with infected ischemic wounds are up to 90 times more likely to undergo a lower limb amputation than those without ischemia or infection.5 Deep tissue cultures are recommended to guide treatment of the infected ulcers of diabetic and/or ischemic patients with severe limb wounds, in order to determine microbiological diagnosis and plot antibiograms, helping to indicate the most appropriate specific treatment.6 In patients with indications for surgical treatment, the culture should be collected after removal of nonviable tissues and if there is bone involvement it may be necessary to increase the duration of antibiotic therapy.6 , 7 Research in the literature shows that a range of different culture methods are used for identification of the infectious agent, including curettage, aspiration, biopsy, and even swabs, although the last of these is discouraged by many authors.6 , 8 Comparisons of the microbial flora isolated from surface and deep cultures of infected wounds show that the results of deep cultures differ from those of surface samples and studies emphasize the superiority of deep tissue cultures for identification of the pathogen responsible for infection.9 , 10 Ideally, the material collected should contain deep tissue, to avoid culturing strains that have colonized the ulcer but are not the cause of the infectious condition.11 However, there are few studies reporting comparisons of the results of cultures of material from different types of deep tissue. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether there was concordance between the results of cultures of bone and deep tissues from patients with extensive trophic ulcers requiring surgical treatment.

METHODS

A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted with data from 54 patients with tissue loss or gangrene admitted to the Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, run by the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. The study included all consecutive patients for whom cultures of foot tissue loss had been performed using both methods of collecting specimens (bone fragments and deep tendon fragments) for cultures and antibiograms, which were conducted by the microbiology laboratory at the same institution. In all patients, material was collected for cultures during surgical treatment (deep debridement or minor amputation). Material was collected after removal of all tissues that were macroscopically compromised and sent for cultures separately. Patient characteristics (sex, age, and presence of systemic arterial hypertension, DM, and PAOD) and concordance between the cultures conducted with the two different types of sample (bone and deep tendon) were analyzed. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted of the total number of microorganisms and the numbers of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms isolated from bone and deep tendon samples. Patient data were collected from patient medical records, clinical follow-up charts, and culture records archived at the vascular surgery service and microbiology laboratory at the Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (protocol number 33051514.0.0000.0049). Statistical analysis of data was conducted using Epi-Info, version 3.3.2, from February 2005. Categorical (qualitative) variables were studied using frequency tables and continuous (quantitative) variables were expressed as summary measures, such as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test was used for comparative analyses of qualitative variables. Means of variables expressed numerically (quantitative) were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). We adopted a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05) for defining statistical differences between groups, in terms of the study variables.

RESULTS

A total of 54 patients were included consecutively in the sample. Mean age was 63.6 (±14.66) years and 50% were male. The majority of patients (80%) had PAOD associated with tissue loss of the extremities. With regard to comorbidities, 70% were diabetics and 72% were hypertensive. According to the Rutherford classification, 83% of the lesions were Category 5, and 17% were Category 6. Patients’ characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Analysis of the full results for bone and deep tendon cultures from the 54 patients in the sample revealed that in 28 cases (52%) the samples coincided completely, i.e. were identical, with the same microorganisms cultured from the deep tendon fragments and the bone fragments. There was partial mismatch in 13 cases (24%) and total disagreement in the remaining 13 (24%). Five (9%) deep tendon cultures were negative and all of the bone cultures were positive. With regard to the number of microorganisms cultivated, in 43% of the bone cultures and 41% of the deep tendon cultures, just one species of microorganism grew (Table 2). Comparison between the results of the cultures revealed that an average of 1.62 microorganisms grew from the deep tendon fragments and 1.72 from the bone samples. Analyzing microorganisms separately by Gram staining result, the mean numbers of Gram-positive species cultivated from tendons and bone tissues were 0.48 and 0.44, respectively. In contrast, for the Gram-negative microorganisms, the mean number of microorganisms cultivated was 1.14 for tendon samples and 1.27 for bone samples (Table 3).
Table 1

Characteristics of 54 patients with deep trophic ulcers included in the study and concordance between cultures from samples of tendon and bone.

Characteristics of the patient sample (n = 54) n (%)
Male27 (50%)
Mean age63.6 (±14.6) years
Mean white blood cell count10,932 leukocytes/mm3
History of heart disease10 (19%)
Diabetes mellitus38 (70%)
Systemic arterial hypertension79 (72%)
Current smoking24 (44%)
Chronic renal failure4 (7%)
PAOD43 (80%)
Rutherford Classification45 (83%)
Category 5
Category 69 (17%)
Agreement between cultures (bone and deep tendon)
Complete agreement / identical28 (52%)
Partial agreement13 (24%)
No agreement/ total disagreement13 (24%)
Table 2

Comparative analysis of numbers of microorganisms grown in the 54 cultures.

Culture results (n = 54) Sample cultured
Bone Tendon
n (%) n (%)
Negative cultures0 (0%)5 (9%)
Cultures with a single species of microorganism23 (43%)22 (41%)
Cultures with two species of microorganism23 (43%)17 (31%)p = 0.09
Cultures with three species of microorganism8 (14%)8 (15%)
Cultures with four species of microorganism0 (0%)2 (4%)
Table 3

Comparative analysis of samples with results of cultures from the 54 patients studied.

Culture results (n = 54) Sample cultured p
Bone Tendon
Number of microorganisms grown, mean (±SD)1.72 (±0.71)1.62 (±0.97)0.57
Number of Gram-positive microorganisms, mean (±SD)0.44 (±0.63)0.48 (±0.66)0.76
Number of Gram-negative microorganisms, mean (±SD)1.27 (±0.78)1.14 (±0.91)0.43
Presence of Gram-positive species, n (%)20 (37%)21(39%)0.42
Presence of Gram-negative species, n (%)45 (83%)40 (74%)0.12

SD = standard deviation.

SD = standard deviation.

DISCUSSION

Our study compared the results of cultures of deep specimens collected in a surgery unit after removal of nonviable tissues and found some degree of agreement, total or partial, in 76% of cases studied. Other authors have compared cultures of different sample types, with the most common comparison being between superficial and deep tissues. We believe that it is important to compare cultures of bone and deep tendon, because treatment may be changed if bone infection is present.7 Kessler et al.10 compared cultures from material collected using swabs or needle puncture from 21 diabetic patients with lower limb ulcers, finding identical results in four patients. Senneville et al.12 studied concordance between cultures by ulcer swab and percutaneous bone biopsy, demonstrating that cultures were identical in 17.4%, of 69 patients. In a different study, with 31 patients, Senneville et al.13 compared material collected by needle puncture and transcutaneous bone biopsy, finding that 32.3% of results were identical. In our study, with 54 patients, we observed that 52% of cultures had identical results. The higher percentage of total agreement is probably because we compared two specimens collected from deep tissues (bone and tendon) during a surgical procedure. Kessler et al.10 found a mean of 1.09 different microorganisms isolated from material collected by deep puncture from diabetic patients who did not require surgical treatment. In the two articles by Senneville et al.,12 , 13 the mean number of microorganisms isolated in bone biopsy samples was 1.54 and 1.35, whereas we found a mean of 1.72 microorganisms in bone cultures and 1.62 in tendon cultures; both of these means are higher than reported by other authors. However, our patients also differ from others in terms of the depth of lesions, the need for surgical treatment in all cases, the extensive tissue loss, and the high prevalence of associated PAOD. We had around 40% of single microbe cultures, which is similar to Kessler et al.,10 who collected material by needle puncture from non-surgical patients with diabetic ulcers, finding 48% of single microbe cultures. The predominance of Gram-negative microorganisms in our cultures of deep tissue samples, both of bone and of tendon, differs from results observed by other authors, possibly because of the severity and depth of our patients’ lesions.10 , 12 , 13 However, a literature review showed an increase in the prevalence of Gram-negative microorganisms in deep diabetic foot ulcers in studies undertaken in different countries.14 In Brazil, a study conducted with 141 patients with diabetic ulcers, with cultures of material collected by swab, found that Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent microorganisms.15 Also in Brazil, among 78 patients who underwent major amputations because of infected diabetic feet, Cardoso et al.16 found that Gram-negative microorganisms were among the most frequently grown in cultures of deep tissues. Our study is subject to the limitations inherent to a retrospective study, but it contributes to the literature by conducting a comparative analysis of cultures from deep tissues, collected in a surgical unit from patients with extensive and severe lesions, studying the extent to which the results coincide, and also the number and characteristics of the microorganisms found.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the results of cultures of specimens collected from different types of deep tissues, in around half of the cases there was total agreement, with identical culture results for bone and tendon from foot tissue loss. The fact that there were discrepancies between the results of many pairs of cultures from two different deep tissues (tendons and bones) suggests that, whenever possible, specimens of both materials should be collected.

INTRODUÇÃO

No Brasil, a prevalência de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) é de cerca de 10% entre diabéticos e de 2,6% entre pacientes não diabéticos1. O diabetes melito (DM) é considerado um dos principais fatores de risco para a doença vascular periférica2. Pacientes com isquemia crítica de membro, caracterizada por dor ao repouso, úlcera ou gangrena, secundária à doença vascular periférica têm um alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares e de perda do membro2. O risco de perda do membro aumenta na presença de infecção, sendo que as amputações maiores em doentes diabéticos frequentemente estão associadas à presença de DAOP e/ou infecção3 , 4. Pacientes diabéticos com lesões isquêmicas e infectadas têm até 90 vezes mais chance de sofrer uma amputação de membro inferior do que aqueles sem isquemia ou infecção5. Para orientar o tratamento das lesões infectadas de doentes diabéticos e/ou isquêmicos com lesões graves de extremidades, a realização de cultura de tecido profundo está indicada, visando estabelecer o diagnóstico microbiológico e a realização do antibiograma, guiando a terapêutica específica apropriada6. Nos pacientes com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico, a cultura deve ser coletada após a retirada dos tecidos desvitalizados e, havendo comprometimento ósseo, pode ser necessário ampliar o tempo de administração da antibioticoterapia6 , 7. Na literatura, pesquisas mostram que distintos métodos de cultura são utilizados para a identificação do agente infeccioso, como curetagem, aspiração, biópsia e mesmo swabs, apesar de estes últimos serem desencorajados por muitos autores6 , 8. A comparação entre a flora microbiana isolada em culturas superficiais e profundas de lesões infectadas mostrou que o resultado da cultura profunda diferiu daquele da amostra superficial, destacando a superioridade da coleta de cultura de tecido profundo na identificação do patógeno responsável pela infecção9 , 10. Idealmente, o material coletado deve conter tecido profundo, evitando o crescimento de cepas colonizadoras da úlcera e não causadoras do quadro infeccioso11. Porém, poucos estudos trazem comparações entre culturas realizadas a partir de material coletado de tecidos profundos distintos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se existe concordância entre as culturas de osso e tecido profundo em pacientes com lesões tróficas extensas, que necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico.

MÉTODOS

Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo incluindo 54 pacientes com lesões tróficas profundas de extremidades internados no Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil. Foram incluídos, consecutivamente, todos os pacientes que realizaram culturas de lesões tróficas profundas com as duas modalidades de material para exame (fragmento de osso e fragmento de tendão profundo) para a realização de cultura e antibiograma no Laboratório do Serviço de Microbiologia da mesma instituição. Todos os pacientes realizaram a coleta de material para a cultura durante o tratamento cirúrgico (desbridamento profundo ou amputação menor). O material foi coletado após a retirada de todo o tecido macroscopicamente comprometido e enviado separadamente para a cultura. Foram avaliadas as características dos pacientes (sexo, idade e presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, DM e DAOP) e a concordância entre as culturas realizadas a partir dos dois tipos de amostra (osso e tendão profundo). Além disso, foram analisadas comparativamente as amostras de osso e tendão profundo quanto ao número de microrganismos cultivados e a presença e o número de microrganismos de acordo com a coloração de Gram. A coleta de dados dos pacientes foi realizada em prontuários, fichas de acompanhamento clínico e culturas arquivadas no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular e no Laboratório do Serviço de Microbiologia do Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (protocolo número 33051514.0.0000.0049). Para análise estatística dos dados, foi utilizado o programa Epi-Info, versão 3.3.2, de fevereiro de 2005. As variáveis categorizadas (qualitativas) foram estudadas por tabelas de frequência, e as variáveis contínuas (quantitativas) por medidas resumo, como média e desvio padrão. Para a análise comparativa das variáveis qualitativas, utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado. As variáveis expressas numericamente (quantitativas) tiveram suas médias comparadas pela análise de variância (ANOVA). Adotamos o nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05) para considerar a diferença estatística entre os grupos, em relação às variáveis estudadas.

RESULTADOS

Foram incluídos consecutivamente na amostra 54 doentes com média de idade de 63,6 (±14,66) anos, sendo que 50% eram do sexo masculino. A maioria dos pacientes (80%) apresentava DAOP associada ao quadro de lesão trófica profunda de extremidade. Quanto às comorbidades, 70% dos doentes eram diabéticos, e 72% hipertensos. Quanto à classificação de Rutherford, 83% das lesões se encontravam na Categoria 5, e 17% na Categoria 6. As características dos pacientes se encontram resumidas na Tabela 1. Quanto aos os resultados do total das culturas de osso e tendão profundo dos 54 pacientes, observou-se que, em 28 casos (52%), as amostras foram completamente concordantes, idênticas, sendo cultivados os mesmos microrganismos nos fragmentos de tendão profundo e de osso. Houve discordância parcial em 13 casos (24%), e discordância total em outros 13 (24%). Cinco culturas (9%) de tendão profundo foram negativas, e todas as culturas ósseas foram positivas. Quanto ao número de microrganismos cultivados, em 43% das culturas de osso e em 41% das culturas de tendão profundo houve o crescimento de apenas uma espécie de microrganismo (Tabela 2). Na comparação entre os resultados das culturas, observou-se que cresceu em média 1,62 microrganismo nos fragmentos de tendão profundo, e 1,72 nas amostras de osso. Analisando separadamente os microrganismos pela coloração de Gram, entre os gram-positivos a média de espécies cultivadas em tendão e em tecido ósseo foi de 0,48 e 0,44, respectivamente. Por outro lado, para os microrganismos gram-negativos, a média de microrganismos cultivados foi de 1,14 nas amostras de tendão e de 1,27 nas amostras de osso (Tabela 3).
Tabela 1

Características dos 54 doentes com lesões tróficas profundas incluídos no estudo e concordância entre culturas das amostras de tendão e osso.

Características da amostra (n = 54) n (%)
Sexo masculino27 (50%)
Média de idade63,6 (±14,6) anos
Média do leucograma10.932 leucócitos/mm3
História de cardiopatia10 (19%)
Diabetes melito38 (70%)
Hipertensão arterial sistêmica79 (72%)
Tabagismo atual24 (44%)
Insuficiência renal crônica4 (7%)
Portadores de DAOP43 (80%)
Classificação de Rutherford
Categoria 545 (83%)
Categoria 69 (17%)
Concordância entre culturas (osso e tendão profundo)
Concordância total/ idênticas28 (52%)
Concordância parcial13 (24%)
Sem concordância/ discordância total13 (24%)
Tabela 2

Análise comparativa do número de microrganismos cultivados nas 54 culturas.

Resultados das culturas (n = 54) Amostra cultivada
Osso Tendão
n (%) n (%)
Culturas negativas0 (0%)5 (9%)
Culturas com uma espécie de microrganismo23 (43%)22 (41%)
Culturas com duas espécies de microrganismos23 (43%)17 (31%)p = 0,09
Culturas com três espécies de microrganismos8 (14%)8 (15%)
Culturas com quatro espécies de microrganismos0 (0%)2 (4%)
Tabela 3

Análise comparativa das amostras com o resultado das culturas dos 54 pacientes estudados.

Resultados das culturas (n = 54) Amostra cultivada p
Osso Tendão
Número de microrganismos cultivados, média (±DP)1,72 (±0,71)1,62 (±0,97)0,57
Número de microrganismos gram-positivos, média (±DP)0,44 (±0,63)0,48 (±0,66)0,76
Número de microrganismos gram-negativos, média (±DP)1,27 (±0,78)1,14 (±0,91)0,43
Presença de espécies gram-positivas, n (%)20 (37%)21(39%)0,42
Presença de espécies gram-negativas, n (%)45 (83%)40 (74%)0,12

DP = desvio padrão.

DP = desvio padrão.

DISCUSSÃO

Nossa pesquisa comparou os resultados de culturas de material profundo coletadas em centro cirúrgico após a retirada do tecido desvitalizado, e encontrou alguma concordância, total ou parcial, em 76% dos casos estudados. Outros autores compararam a cultura de diferentes materiais, sendo mais frequente a comparação entre as culturas de material superficial e profundo. Consideramos importante comparar as culturas de osso e tendão profundo, pois o tratamento pode ser alterado na presença de infecção óssea7. Kessler et al.10 compararam as culturas de material coletado por meio de swab e de punção por agulha em 21 pacientes diabéticos com úlcera de membro inferior, encontrando resultados idênticos em quatro pacientes. Senneville et al. estudaram a concordância entre culturas coletadas por meio de swab da úlcera e biópsia percutânea do osso, demonstrando que, em 17,4%, dos 69 pacientes, as culturas foram idênticas12. Em outro trabalho com 31 pacientes, Senneville et al.13 compararam material coletado por meio de punção por agulha e biópsia óssea transcutânea, encontrando 32,3% de resultados idênticos. Na nossa pesquisa, com 54 pacientes, observamos que 52% das culturas tiveram resultados idênticos. Nossa maior porcentagem de concordância total provavelmente se deve à comparação de dois materiais coletados a partir de tecidos profundos (osso e tendão) durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Kessler et al.10 encontraram uma média de 1,09 microrganismo isolado no material coletado por meio de punção profunda em pacientes diabéticos que não necessitavam de tratamento cirúrgico. Nos dois artigos de Senneville et al.12 , 13, as médias dos microrganismos isolados em amostras de biópsia óssea foram de 1,54 e 1,35, enquanto nós obtivemos uma média de 1,72 em material ósseo e 1,62 em tendão, médias superiores às dos demais autores. No entanto, nossa casuística difere das demais no que concerne à profundidade da lesão, necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico em todos os casos, perda tecidual extensa e alta prevalência de DAOP associada. Obtivemos cerca de 40% de culturas monomicrobianas, resultado semelhante ao de Kessler et al.10 que, em pacientes não cirúrgicos com úlceras diabéticas, encontraram 48% de culturas monomicrobianas em material coletado por meio de punção por agulha. A predominância de microrganismos gram-negativos nas nossas culturas de tecido profundo, tanto de osso como de tendão, difere dos resultados encontrados por outros autores, possivelmente devido à gravidade e à profundidade das lesões dos nossos pacientes10 , 12 , 13. No entanto, uma revisão da literatura mostrou o aumento da prevalência de microrganismos gram-negativos em lesões profundas do pé diabético em estudos realizados em diferentes países14. No Brasil, estudo realizado com 141 pacientes portadores de úlceras diabéticas, com culturas realizadas em material coletado por swab, encontrou como microrganismos mais frequentes os bacilos gram-negativos15. Também no Brasil, em 78 pacientes submetidos a amputações maiores por pé diabético infectado, Cardoso et al.16 encontraram os microrganismos gram-negativos entre os gêneros mais frequentemente cultivados em tecido profundo. O nosso estudo conta com as limitações inerentes a um trabalho retrospectivo, porém traz uma contribuição à literatura ao analisar comparativamente culturas de espécimes profundos, coletadas em centro cirúrgico, em pacientes com lesões extensas e graves, estudando sua concordância, e também o número e as características dos microrganismos encontrados.

CONCLUSÕES

Considerando-se o resultado das culturas realizadas a partir da coleta de diferentes espécimes profundos, em cerca de metade dos casos houve concordância total, com resultados idênticos entre as culturas de osso e de tendão em lesões tróficas profundas de extremidades. A discordância entre as culturas dos dois diferentes tecidos profundos (tendões e ossos) sugere que se faça, quando possível, a coleta de ambos os materiais.
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