Christine Till1, Rivka Green2, David Flora2, Richard Hornung3, E Angeles Martinez-Mier4, Maddy Blazer2, Linda Farmus2, Pierre Ayotte5, Gina Muckle6, Bruce Lanphear7. 1. Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ctill@yorku.ca. 2. Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada. 3. Pediatrics and Environmental Health, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA. 4. School of Dentistry, Indiana University, IN, USA. 5. Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. 6. Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada. 7. Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada; Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Infant consumption of formula reconstituted with fluoridated water can lead to excessive fluoride intake. We examined the association between fluoride exposure in infancy and intellectual ability in children who lived in fluoridated or non-fluoridated cities in Canada. METHODS: We examined 398 mother-child dyads in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort who reported drinking tap water. We estimated water fluoride concentration using municipal water reports. We used linear regression to analyze the association between fluoride exposure and IQ scores, measured by the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III at 3-4 years. We examined whether feeding status (breast-fed versus formula-fed) modified the impact of water fluoride and if fluoride exposure during fetal development attenuated this effect. A second model estimated the association between fluoride intake from formula and child IQ. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of mother-child dyads lived in fluoridated communities. An increase of 0.5 mg/L in water fluoride concentration (approximately equaling the difference between fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions) corresponded to a 9.3- and 6.2-point decrement in Performance IQ among formula-fed (95% CI: -13.77, -4.76) and breast-fed children (95% CI: -10.45, -1.94). The association between water fluoride concentration and Performance IQ remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure among formula-fed (B = -7.93, 95% CI: -12.84, -3.01) and breastfed children (B = -6.30, 95% CI: -10.92, -1.68). A 0.5 mg increase in fluoride intake from infant formula corresponded to an 8.8-point decrement in Performance IQ (95% CI: -14.18, -3.34) and this association remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure (B = -7.62, 95% CI: -13.64, -1.60). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to increasing levels of fluoride in tap water was associated with diminished non-verbal intellectual abilities; the effect was more pronounced among formula-fed children.
BACKGROUND:Infant consumption of formula reconstituted with fluoridated water can lead to excessive fluoride intake. We examined the association between fluoride exposure in infancy and intellectual ability in children who lived in fluoridated or non-fluoridated cities in Canada. METHODS: We examined 398 mother-child dyads in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort who reported drinking tapwater. We estimated waterfluoride concentration using municipal water reports. We used linear regression to analyze the association between fluoride exposure and IQ scores, measured by the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III at 3-4 years. We examined whether feeding status (breast-fed versus formula-fed) modified the impact of waterfluoride and if fluoride exposure during fetal development attenuated this effect. A second model estimated the association between fluoride intake from formula and child IQ. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of mother-child dyads lived in fluoridated communities. An increase of 0.5 mg/L in waterfluoride concentration (approximately equaling the difference between fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions) corresponded to a 9.3- and 6.2-point decrement in Performance IQ among formula-fed (95% CI: -13.77, -4.76) and breast-fed children (95% CI: -10.45, -1.94). The association between waterfluoride concentration and Performance IQ remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure among formula-fed (B = -7.93, 95% CI: -12.84, -3.01) and breastfed children (B = -6.30, 95% CI: -10.92, -1.68). A 0.5 mg increase in fluoride intake from infant formula corresponded to an 8.8-point decrement in Performance IQ (95% CI: -14.18, -3.34) and this association remained significant after controlling for fetal fluoride exposure (B = -7.62, 95% CI: -13.64, -1.60). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to increasing levels of fluoride in tapwater was associated with diminished non-verbal intellectual abilities; the effect was more pronounced among formula-fed children.
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