| Literature DB >> 31736510 |
Barbara Schildberger1, Doris Linzner1, Luise Hehenberger1, Hermann Leitner2, Christian Pfeifer2.
Abstract
Introduction In recent decades, there has been a continuous rise in the average age at which women give birth. A maternal age of 35 years and above is considered an independent risk factor in pregnancy and birth, due to higher rates of intervention. This study investigates the influence of maternal age on birth procedure, gestational age, and rate of interventions during delivery. The influence of maternal parity is also analyzed. Material and Methods Data from the Austrian Register of Births was retrospectively collected and evaluated. The collected data was the data of all singleton live births in Austria between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 (n = 686 272). Multiple births and stillbirths were excluded from the study. Maternal age and parity were analyzed in relation to predefined variables (birth procedure, gestational age, episiotomy in cases of vaginal delivery, epidural anesthesia in both vaginal and cesarean deliveries, and intrapartum micro-blood gas analysis). Statistical data was evaluated using (1) descriptive univariate analysis, (2) bivariate analysis, and (3) multinomial regression models. Results The cesarean section rate and the rate of surgically-assisted vaginal deliveries increased with advancing maternal age, especially in primiparous women, while the rate of spontaneous deliveries decreased with increasing maternal age. A parity of ≥ 2 had a protective effect on the cesarean section rate. The rate of premature births also increased with increasing maternal age, particularly among primiparous women. Discussion Although higher maternal age has a negative effect on various obstetric parameters, it was nevertheless not possible to identify a causal connection. Maternal age should not be assessed as an independent risk factor; other factors such as lifestyle or prior chronic disease and parity must be taken into consideration.Entities:
Keywords: advanced maternal age; high-risk pregnancy; maternal age; obstetric outcome; parity
Year: 2019 PMID: 31736510 PMCID: PMC6846731 DOI: 10.1055/a-0859-0826
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Increased numbers of births to mothers aged 35 years and above.
Fig. 2Correlation between mode of delivery and age and parity, in %.
Table 1 Odds ratios (OR) for the correlation between the mode of delivery and parity and maternal age (own research).
| Maternal age | Vacuum extraction | Forceps delivery | Assisted vaginal breech delivery | Primary C-section | Secondary C-section | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Reference category: women aged 20 – 24 years who gave birth spontaneously. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 | ||||||
| 1 para | < 20 | 0.75*** | 0.69 | 1.19 | 0.87*** | 0.79*** |
| 25 – 29 | 1.23*** | 1.25 | 2.23*** | 1.29*** | 1.21*** | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.45*** | 1.08 | 3.76*** | 1.8*** | 1.54*** | |
| 35 – 39 | 1.72*** | 1.8*** | 3.5*** | 3.04*** | 2.16*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 1.89*** | 1.44 | 3.84*** | 5.65*** | 2.98*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 2.19*** | 3.74 | 0 | 22.12*** | 5.52*** | |
| 2 para | < 20 | 0.67 | 0 | 0 | 0.89 | 0.81 |
| 25 – 29 | 1.53*** | 0.93 | 1.15 | 1.12*** | 1.12*** | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.86*** | 1.06 | 1.8** | 1.34*** | 1.34*** | |
| 35 – 39 | 2.35*** | 1.08 | 2.12*** | 1.85*** | 1.76*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 3.07*** | 2.6 | 1.91* | 2.83*** | 2.36*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 5.63*** | 12.1* | 0 | 5.99*** | 4.07*** | |
| 3+ para | < 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.34 | 1.66 |
| 25 – 29 | 1.32 | 0.41 | 1.52 | 1.11* | 0.96 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.9** | 0.54 | 2.08 | 1.2*** | 1.1 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2.55*** | 0.67 | 2.18 | 1.33*** | 1.33*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 3.08*** | 1.42 | 2.37 | 1.58*** | 1.81*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 5.41*** | 4.06 | 4.87* | 2.32*** | 2.82*** | |
Table 2 Odds ratios (OR) for the correlation between the week of gestation at delivery and parity and maternal age (own research).
| Maternal age | GW < 27 + 6 | GW 28 – 31 | GW 32 – 36 | GW > 42 + 0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Reference category: women aged 20 – 24 years who gave birth having completed the 37th–41st week of gestation; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01 * p < 0.05 | |||||
| 1 para | < 20 | 1.26 | 1.27* | 1.22*** | 1.13 |
| 25 – 29 | 0.91 | 1.15* | 1.15*** | 1.01 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.04 | 1.40*** | 1.31*** | 1.15* | |
| 35 – 39 | 1.61*** | 1.78*** | 1.40*** | 1.36*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 2.37*** | 2.36*** | 1.68*** | 1.24 | |
| ≥ 45 | 3.29** | 3.83*** | 2.75*** | 0.88 | |
| 2 para | < 20 | 1.19 | 0.44 | 2.09*** | 1.62 |
| 25 – 29 | 0.55*** | 0.8 | 0.92* | 1 | |
| 30 – 34 | 0.63** | 0.89 | 0.99 | 1.06 | |
| 35 – 39 | 0.87 | 1.08 | 1.24*** | 1.07 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1.13 | 1.62** | 1.50*** | 1 | |
| ≥ 45 | 0 | 4.23*** | 2.50*** | 0.74 | |
| 3+ para | < 20 | 4.13 | 0 | 0.95 | 0 |
| 25 – 29 | 0.85 | 1.05 | 0.67*** | 0.9 | |
| 30 – 34 | 0.8 | 1.06 | 0.68*** | 0.97 | |
| 35 – 39 | 1.08 | 1.25 | 0.81** | 1.04 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1.33 | 1.64* | 1.07 | 1.08 | |
| ≥ 45 | 2.57 | 3.37** | 1.52** | 1.84 | |
Table 3 Odds ratios (OR) correlating interventions with parity and maternal age (own research).
| Maternal age | Episiotomy | Epidural + spinal anesthesia during vaginal delivery | Epidural + spinal anesthesia during C-section delivery | Micro-blood gas analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Reference category: women giving birth aged 20 – 24 years (1: without episiotomy during spontaneous birth; 2: without epidural and spinal anesthesia during vaginal delivery; 3: without epidural and spinal anesthesia during C-section, 4: without micro-blood gas analysis); *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 | |||||
| 1 para | < 20 | 0.84*** | 1.06*** | 0.84 | 0.94 |
| 25 – 29 | 1.15*** | 0.96** | 1.23*** | 0.94* | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.17*** | 1.05** | 1.49*** | 0.91** | |
| 35 – 39 | 1.24*** | 1.24*** | 1.66*** | 0.97 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1.22*** | 1.30*** | 1.78*** | 0.91 | |
| ≥ 45 | 1.45* | 2.01*** | 2.26*** | 0.33** | |
| 2 para | < 20 | 0.68* | 0.95 | 0.87 | 1.01 |
| 25 – 29 | 1.47*** | 1.09* | 1.18*** | 1.02 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.82*** | 1.30*** | 1.44*** | 0.99 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2.15*** | 1.77*** | 1.53*** | 1.04 | |
| 40 – 44 | 2.36*** | 2.11*** | 1.51*** | 1.16 | |
| ≥ 45 | 2.89*** | 2.26*** | 1.69* | 0.83 | |
| 3+ para | < 20 | 1.18 | 1.93 | 0.54 | 0.00 |
| 25 – 29 | 1.29 | 1.25* | 1.34** | 1.02 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1.89*** | 1.51*** | 1.41*** | 1.15 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2.45*** | 2.01*** | 1.45*** | 1.28 | |
| 40 – 44 | 2.77*** | 2.12*** | 1.41*** | 1.67** | |
| ≥ 45 | 3.34*** | 2.62*** | 1.67** | 2.64** | |
Abb. 1Anstieg der Geburtenzahlen von Müttern ab einem Alter von 35 Jahren.
Abb. 2Entbindungsmodus nach Alter und Parität in %.
Tab. 1 Odds Ratio (OR) Entbindungsmodus nach Parität und Alter (eigene Darstellung).
| Alter Mutter | Vakuum | Forceps | BEL Manualhilfe | primäre Sectio | sekundäre Sectio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Referenzkategorie: 20 – 24-jährige Gebärende, Spontangeburt; *** p < 0,001, ** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05 | ||||||
| 1 Para | < 20 | 0,75*** | 0,69 | 1,19 | 0,87*** | 0,79*** |
| 25 – 29 | 1,23*** | 1,25 | 2,23*** | 1,29*** | 1,21*** | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,45*** | 1,08 | 3,76*** | 1,8*** | 1,54*** | |
| 35 – 39 | 1,72*** | 1,8*** | 3,5*** | 3,04*** | 2,16*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 1,89*** | 1,44 | 3,84*** | 5,65*** | 2,98*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 2,19*** | 3,74 | 0 | 22,12*** | 5,52*** | |
| 2 Para | < 20 | 0,67 | 0 | 0 | 0,89 | 0,81 |
| 25 – 29 | 1,53*** | 0,93 | 1,15 | 1,12*** | 1,12*** | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,86*** | 1,06 | 1,8** | 1,34*** | 1,34*** | |
| 35 – 39 | 2,35*** | 1,08 | 2,12*** | 1,85*** | 1,76*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 3,07*** | 2,6 | 1,91* | 2,83*** | 2,36*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 5,63*** | 12,1* | 0 | 5,99*** | 4,07*** | |
| 3+ Para | < 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,34 | 1,66 |
| 25 – 29 | 1,32 | 0,41 | 1,52 | 1,11* | 0,96 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,9** | 0,54 | 2,08 | 1,2*** | 1,1 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2,55*** | 0,67 | 2,18 | 1,33*** | 1,33*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 3,08*** | 1,42 | 2,37 | 1,58*** | 1,81*** | |
| ≥ 45 | 5,41*** | 4,06 | 4,87* | 2,32*** | 2,82*** | |
Tab. 2 Odds Ratio (OR) Schwangerschaftswoche bei Entbindung nach Parität und Alter (eigene Darstellung).
| Alter Mutter | SSW < 27 + 6 | SSW 28 – 31 | SSW 32 – 36 | SSW > 42 + 0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Referenzkategorie: 20 – 24-jährige Gebärende, vollendete 37 – 41. SSW; *** p < 0,001, ** p < 0,01 * p < 0,05 | |||||
| 1 Para | < 20 | 1,26 | 1,27* | 1,22*** | 1,13 |
| 25 – 29 | 0,91 | 1,15* | 1,15*** | 1,01 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,04 | 1,40*** | 1,31*** | 1,15* | |
| 35 – 39 | 1,61*** | 1,78*** | 1,40*** | 1,36*** | |
| 40 – 44 | 2,37*** | 2,36*** | 1,68*** | 1,24 | |
| ≥ 45 | 3,29** | 3,83*** | 2,75*** | 0,88 | |
| 2 Para | < 20 | 1,19 | 0,44 | 2,09*** | 1,62 |
| 25 – 29 | 0,55*** | 0,8 | 0,92* | 1 | |
| 30 – 34 | 0,63** | 0,89 | 0,99 | 1,06 | |
| 35 – 39 | 0,87 | 1,08 | 1,24*** | 1,07 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1,13 | 1,62** | 1,50*** | 1 | |
| ≥ 45 | 0 | 4,23*** | 2,50*** | 0,74 | |
| 3+ Para | < 20 | 4,13 | 0 | 0,95 | 0 |
| 25 – 29 | 0,85 | 1,05 | 0,67*** | 0,9 | |
| 30 – 34 | 0,8 | 1,06 | 0,68*** | 0,97 | |
| 35 – 39 | 1,08 | 1,25 | 0,81** | 1,04 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1,33 | 1,64* | 1,07 | 1,08 | |
| ≥ 45 | 2,57 | 3,37** | 1,52** | 1,84 | |
Tab. 3 Odds Ratio (OR) Interventionen nach Parität und Alter (eigene Darstellung).
| Alter Mutter | Episiotomie | PDA + Spinalanästhesie bei vaginaler Geburt | PDA + Spinalanästhesie bei Sectio caesarea | MBU | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | OR | OR | ||
| Referenzkategorie: 20 – 24-jährige Gebärende (1: ohne Episiotomie bei Spontangeburt; 2: ohne PDA und Spinalanästhesie bei vaginaler Geburt; 3: ohne PDA und Spinalanästhesie bei Sectio, 4: ohne MBU); *** p < 0,001, ** p < 0,01, * p < 0,05 | |||||
| 1 Para | < 20 | 0,84*** | 1,06*** | 0,84 | 0,94 |
| 25 – 29 | 1,15*** | 0,96** | 1,23*** | 0,94* | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,17*** | 1,05** | 1,49*** | 0,91** | |
| 35 – 39 | 1,24*** | 1,24*** | 1,66*** | 0,97 | |
| 40 – 44 | 1,22*** | 1,30*** | 1,78*** | 0,91 | |
| ≥ 45 | 1,45* | 2,01*** | 2,26*** | 0,33** | |
| 2. Para | < 20 | 0,68* | 0,95 | 0,87 | 1,01 |
| 25 – 29 | 1,47*** | 1,09* | 1,18*** | 1,02 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,82*** | 1,30*** | 1,44*** | 0,99 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2,15*** | 1,77*** | 1,53*** | 1,04 | |
| 40 – 44 | 2,36*** | 2,11*** | 1,51*** | 1,16 | |
| ≥ 45 | 2,89*** | 2,26*** | 1,69* | 0,83 | |
| 3+ Para | < 20 | 1,18 | 1,93 | 0,54 | 0,00 |
| 25 – 29 | 1,29 | 1,25* | 1,34** | 1,02 | |
| 30 – 34 | 1,89*** | 1,51*** | 1,41*** | 1,15 | |
| 35 – 39 | 2,45*** | 2,01*** | 1,45*** | 1,28 | |
| 40 – 44 | 2,77*** | 2,12*** | 1,41*** | 1,67** | |
| ≥ 45 | 3,34*** | 2,62*** | 1,67** | 2,64** | |