Juening Kang1, Yan Sun1, Yaoliang Deng2, Quan Liu1, Derong Li1, Yunlong Liu1, Xiaofeng Guan1, Zhiwei Tao1, Xiang Wang3. 1. Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. 2. Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Urology, the Langdong Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. Electronic address: dylkf317@163.com. 3. Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. Electronic address: wang_xiang120@163.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nephrolithiasis is a common disease in urology, and its pathogenesis is associated with various factors. Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can promote autophagy in the formation of kidney stones and exacerbate kidney injury. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), a key factor in regulating intracellular environmental homeostasis, is also directly related to ROS production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on autophagy-ERS response during the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): normal control group, stone model group, stone model with atorvastatin group, and stone model with diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETC) group. Rat models of CaOx kidney stones were established by intragastric administration of 0.75 % ethylene glycol for 4 weeks. Kidney/body weight was used to assess renal enlargement. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum SOD, creatinine (CRE), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3B and BECN1 was detected through immunohistochemical staining. Meanwhile, the expression of autophagy-ERS response-related proteins LC3B, BECN1, p62, GRP78, and CHOP was detected using Western blot and RT-PCR. Renal tubular injury markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1) were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The apoptosis of renal tubular cells and the expression of their signature proteins cleaved Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and Western blot assays, respectively. Crystal deposition and histological tissue injury were assessed through Von Kossa staining. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the stone model group showed higher kidney/body weight ratio; evidently higher expression of autophagy-ERS response- and apoptosis-related proteins LC3B, BECN1, GRP78, CHOP, Bax and cleaved Caspase-3; and lower levels of p62, bcl-2 protein, and SOD. The stone model group also showed higher levels of apoptosis, serum CRE, BUN, NGAL, and Kim-1, as well as considerably greater crystal deposition and renal injury, than the control group. Atorvastatin reduced the levels of autophagy-ERS response, kidney injury, and crystal deposition, but they were increased by DETC. CONCLUSION: Enhanced SOD activity can protect the kidneys by reducing autophagy-ERS response and CaOx kidney stone formation. Atorvastatin may be a new option for the prevention and treatment of nephrolithiasis.
BACKGROUND:Nephrolithiasis is a common disease in urology, and its pathogenesis is associated with various factors. Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can promote autophagy in the formation of kidney stones and exacerbate kidney injury. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), a key factor in regulating intracellular environmental homeostasis, is also directly related to ROS production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on autophagy-ERS response during the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): normal control group, stone model group, stone model with atorvastatin group, and stone model with diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETC) group. Rat models of CaOxkidney stones were established by intragastric administration of 0.75 % ethylene glycol for 4 weeks. Kidney/body weight was used to assess renal enlargement. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum SOD, creatinine (CRE), and blood ureanitrogen (BUN) levels. The expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3B and BECN1 was detected through immunohistochemical staining. Meanwhile, the expression of autophagy-ERS response-related proteins LC3B, BECN1, p62, GRP78, and CHOP was detected using Western blot and RT-PCR. Renal tubular injury markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1) were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The apoptosis of renal tubular cells and the expression of their signature proteins cleaved Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and Western blot assays, respectively. Crystal deposition and histological tissue injury were assessed through Von Kossa staining. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the stone model group showed higher kidney/body weight ratio; evidently higher expression of autophagy-ERS response- and apoptosis-related proteins LC3B, BECN1, GRP78, CHOP, Bax and cleaved Caspase-3; and lower levels of p62, bcl-2 protein, and SOD. The stone model group also showed higher levels of apoptosis, serum CRE, BUN, NGAL, and Kim-1, as well as considerably greater crystal deposition and renal injury, than the control group. Atorvastatin reduced the levels of autophagy-ERS response, kidney injury, and crystal deposition, but they were increased by DETC. CONCLUSION: Enhanced SOD activity can protect the kidneys by reducing autophagy-ERS response and CaOx kidney stone formation. Atorvastatin may be a new option for the prevention and treatment of nephrolithiasis.