Transcript profiling of bovine embryos implicates specific transcription factors in the maternal-to-embryo transition.

Full-grown oocytes are transcriptionally quiescent. Following maturation and fertilization, the early stages of embryonic development occur in the absence (or low levels) of transcription that results in a period of development relying on maternally derived products (e.g., mRNAs and proteins). Two critical steps occur during the transition from maternal to embryo control of development: maternal mRNA clearance and embryonic genome activation with an associated dramatic reprogramming of gene expression required for further development. By combining an RNA polymerase II inhibitor with RNA sequencing, we were able not only to distinguish maternally derived from embryonic transcripts in bovine preimplantation embryos but also to establish that embryonic gene activation is required for clearance of maternal mRNAs as well as to identify putative transcription factors that are likely critical for early bovine development.