Beta-Adrenergic Signaling in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy.

Communication between the nervous and immune systems is required for the body to regulate physiological homeostasis. Beta-adrenergic receptors expressed on immune cells mediate the modulation of immune response by neural activity. Activation of beta-adrenergic signaling results in suppression of antitumor immune response and limits the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Beta-adrenergic signaling is also involved in regulation of hematopoietic reconstitution, which is critical to the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect and to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In this review, the function of beta-adrenergic signaling in mediating tumor immunosuppression will be highlighted. We will also discuss the implication of targeting beta-adrenergic signaling to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy including the GVT effect, and to diminish the adverse effects including GVHD.