Ocular Inflammatory Response to Intravitreal Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus Vector: Relative Contribution of Genome and Capsid.

Both subretinal dosing and intravitreal (IVT) dosing of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in higher species induce mild and transient inflammatory responses that increase with dose. Foreign protein and foreign DNA are known inducers of inflammation, which is also true in the immune-privileged ocular environment. We explored which component(s) of AAV vectors, viral capsid, or viral DNA drive inflammatory responses. Recombinant AAV with three tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions in the capsid of AAV serotype 2 (rAAV2tYF), and with a generic ubiquitous promoter (cytomegalovirus [CMV]) controlling the expression of humanized green fluorescent protein (hGFP), was processed to enrich for AAV capsids containing genome (full capsids), capsids without genome (empty capsids), and residual material. Nonhuman primate eyes were injected by IVT in both eyes. During in-life, ocular inflammation and development of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were measured. Following termination, lymph node immunophenotyping was performed, vitreous was processed for cytokine and RNAseq analyses, and ocular sections were assessed for transgene expression (by in situ hybridization) and histopathology. IVT dosing of AAV vectors transiently raised cellular inflammation in the aqueous and induced a more sustained inflammation in the vitreous. Lowering the total capsid dose by removing empty AAV capsids reduced inflammation and improved viral transduction. IVT dosing of AAV induced systemic NAb to AAV irrespective of the vector preparation. Similarly, lymph node immunophenotyping revealed identical profiles irrespective of viral preparation used for dosing. Immune cells in the vitreous were identified based on RNAseq analysis. Three months postdose, cytokine levels were low, indicative of minimal levels of inflammation in agreement with histopathological assessment of the retina.