Medical marijuana. What can we learn from the experiences in Canada, Germany and Thailand?

Cannabis policies are changing globally, and medical marijuana programs are part of these changes. Drawing from the examples of two high-income (Canada, an early adopter of medical marijuana, and Germany, a late adopter) and one middle-income (Thailand) countries, we illustrate two main pressures underlying these recent changes. First, in many high-income countries, cannabis has been used to self-medicate for different ailments and diseases, even though there is no evidence of effectiveness for many of these conditions. Second, the cannabis industry is pressuring governments and decision-makers to allow for medical marijuana use with lenient regulations-without specifying medical conditions (indications) and requiring only a prescription from a health professional to obtain it. As a result, demand is likely to increase, even in countries with low prevalence of use. Cannabis policy-makers need to consider a balance between the medical benefits of medical marijuana and the potential public health consequences and cost.