Timo Kern1, Martin Bæk Blond2, Tue Haldor Hansen3, Mads Rosenkilde2, Jonas Salling Quist2, Anne Sofie Gram2, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm4, Torben Hansen3, Bente Stallknecht2. 1. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. kern@sund.ku.dk. 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Studies suggest that exercise affects the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, yet this has not been investigated in a randomized controlled trial. The primary aim of this study was to assess if exercise alters the diversity, composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in free-living humans. A secondary aim was to test whether alpha diversity was associated with phenotypical outcomes. METHODS: Eighty eight participants with overweight or obesity completed a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 4 arms; habitual living (CON), active commuting by bike (BIKE) and leisure-time exercise of moderate (MOD) or vigorous intensity (VIG). Faecal samples for 16 s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were collected prior to randomization and again after 3 and 6 months, with simultaneous registration of phenotypical outcomes and diet. RESULTS: Shannon's diversity index increased by 5% in VIG (CI95 1-9%, P = 0.012) at 3 months compared with CON. No associations were observed between alpha diversity and phenotypical outcomes. Beta diversity changed in all exercise groups compared with CON, particularly the participants in VIG showed decreased heterogeneity. No genera changed significantly. The inferred functional potential of the microbiota in the exercise groups was increased, primarily at 3 months and in MOD. CONCLUSION: Structured exercise induced subtle changes to the human gut microbiota. Cardiorespiratory fitness and fat mass were not associated with alpha diversity.
OBJECTIVES: Studies suggest that exercise affects the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, yet this has not been investigated in a randomized controlled trial. The primary aim of this study was to assess if exercise alters the diversity, composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in free-living humans. A secondary aim was to test whether alpha diversity was associated with phenotypical outcomes. METHODS: Eighty eight participants with overweight or obesity completed a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 4 arms; habitual living (CON), active commuting by bike (BIKE) and leisure-time exercise of moderate (MOD) or vigorous intensity (VIG). Faecal samples for 16 s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were collected prior to randomization and again after 3 and 6 months, with simultaneous registration of phenotypical outcomes and diet. RESULTS: Shannon's diversity index increased by 5% in VIG (CI95 1-9%, P = 0.012) at 3 months compared with CON. No associations were observed between alpha diversity and phenotypical outcomes. Beta diversity changed in all exercise groups compared with CON, particularly the participants in VIG showed decreased heterogeneity. No genera changed significantly. The inferred functional potential of the microbiota in the exercise groups was increased, primarily at 3 months and in MOD. CONCLUSION: Structured exercise induced subtle changes to the human gut microbiota. Cardiorespiratory fitness and fat mass were not associated with alpha diversity.
Authors: Anne Vrieze; Els Van Nood; Frits Holleman; Jarkko Salojärvi; Ruud S Kootte; Joep F W M Bartelsman; Geesje M Dallinga-Thie; Mariette T Ackermans; Mireille J Serlie; Raish Oozeer; Muriel Derrien; Anne Druesne; Johan E T Van Hylckama Vlieg; Vincent W Bloks; Albert K Groen; Hans G H J Heilig; Erwin G Zoetendal; Erik S Stroes; Willem M de Vos; Joost B L Hoekstra; Max Nieuwdorp Journal: Gastroenterology Date: 2012-06-20 Impact factor: 22.682
Authors: Marc Jan Bonder; Alexander Kurilshikov; Ettje F Tigchelaar; Zlatan Mujagic; Floris Imhann; Arnau Vich Vila; Patrick Deelen; Tommi Vatanen; Melanie Schirmer; Sanne P Smeekens; Daria V Zhernakova; Soesma A Jankipersadsing; Martin Jaeger; Marije Oosting; Maria Carmen Cenit; Ad A M Masclee; Morris A Swertz; Yang Li; Vinod Kumar; Leo Joosten; Hermie Harmsen; Rinse K Weersma; Lude Franke; Marten H Hofker; Ramnik J Xavier; Daisy Jonkers; Mihai G Netea; Cisca Wijmenga; Jingyuan Fu; Alexandra Zhernakova Journal: Nat Genet Date: 2016-10-03 Impact factor: 38.330
Authors: Fredrik Bäckhed; Jill K Manchester; Clay F Semenkovich; Jeffrey I Gordon Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2007-01-08 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Lawrence A David; Corinne F Maurice; Rachel N Carmody; David B Gootenberg; Julie E Button; Benjamin E Wolfe; Alisha V Ling; A Sloan Devlin; Yug Varma; Michael A Fischbach; Sudha B Biddinger; Rachel J Dutton; Peter J Turnbaugh Journal: Nature Date: 2013-12-11 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Hanna Dziewiecka; Harpal S Buttar; Anna Kasperska; Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk; Małgorzata Domagalska; Justyna Cichoń; Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn Journal: BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil Date: 2022-07-07
Authors: Alex E Mohr; Ralf Jäger; Katie C Carpenter; Chad M Kerksick; Martin Purpura; Jeremy R Townsend; Nicholas P West; Katherine Black; Michael Gleeson; David B Pyne; Shawn D Wells; Shawn M Arent; Richard B Kreider; Bill I Campbell; Laurent Bannock; Jonathan Scheiman; Craig J Wissent; Marco Pane; Douglas S Kalman; Jamie N Pugh; Carmen P Ortega-Santos; Jessica A Ter Haar; Paul J Arciero; Jose Antonio Journal: J Int Soc Sports Nutr Date: 2020-05-12 Impact factor: 5.150
Authors: Shaodong Wei; Asker Daniel Brejnrod; Urvish Trivedi; Martin Steen Mortensen; Mette Yun Johansen; Kristian Karstoft; Allan Arthur Vaag; Mathias Ried-Larsen; Søren Johannes Sørensen Journal: Gut Microbes Date: 2022 Jan-Dec
Authors: Timothy M Moore; Anthony Terrazas; Alexander R Strumwasser; Amanda J Lin; Xiaopeng Zhu; Akshay T S Anand; Christina Q Nguyen; Linsey Stiles; Frode Norheim; Jennifer M Lang; Simon T Hui; Lorraine P Turcotte; Zhenqi Zhou Journal: Physiol Rep Date: 2021-11
Authors: Vittoria Cella; Viviana M Bimonte; Claudia Sabato; Antonio Paoli; Carlo Baldari; Matteo Campanella; Andrea Lenzi; Elisabetta Ferretti; Silvia Migliaccio Journal: Foods Date: 2021-12-10