Leora Horn1, Jennifer G Whisenant2, Heather Wakelee3, Karen L Reckamp4, Huan Qiao5, Ticiana A Leal6, Liping Du7, Jennifer Hernandez8, Vincent Huang5, George R Blumenschein9, Saiama N Waqar10, Sandip P Patel11, Jorge Nieva12, Geoffrey R Oxnard13, Rachel E Sanborn14, Tristan Shaffer8, Kavita Garg8, Allison Holzhausen15, Kimberly Harrow15, Chris Liang15, Lee P Lim8, Mark Li8, Christine M Lovly2. 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Electronic address: leora.horn@vumc.org. 2. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee. 3. Stanford Advanced Medicine Center, Palo Alto, California. 4. City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California. 5. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. 6. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. 7. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. 8. Resolution Biosciences, Redmond, Washington. 9. Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of TX MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 10. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. 11. University of California at San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California. 12. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. 13. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachussetts. 14. Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon. 15. Xcovery Holdings, Inc., Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite initial effectiveness of ALK receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with ALK+ NSCLC, therapeutic resistance will ultimately develop. Serial tracking of genetic alterations detected in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be an informative strategy to identify response and resistance. This study evaluated the utility of analyzing ctDNA as a function of response to ensartinib, a potent second-generation ALK TKI. METHODS: Pre-treatment plasma was collected from 76 patients with ALK+ NSCLC who were ALK TKI-naive or had received prior ALK TKI, and analyzed for specific genetic alterations. Longitudinal plasma samples were analyzed from a subset (n = 11) of patients. Analysis of pre-treatment tumor biopsy specimens from 22 patients was compared with plasma. RESULTS: Disease-associated genetic alterations were detected in 74% (56 of 76) of patients, the most common being EML4-ALK. Concordance of ALK fusion between plasma and tissue was 91% (20 of 22 blood and tissue samples). Twenty-four ALK kinase domain mutations were detected in 15 patients, all had previously received an ALK TKI; G1269A was the most prevalent (4 of 24). Patients with a detectable EML4-ALK variant 1 (V1) fusion had improved response (9 of 17 patients; 53%) to ensartinib compared to patients with EML4-ALK V3 fusion (one of seven patients; 14%). Serial changes in ALK alterations were observed during therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical utility of ctDNA was shown, both at pre-treatment by identifying a potential subgroup of ALK+ NSCLC patients who may derive more benefit from ensartinib and longitudinally by tracking resistance. Prospective application of this technology may translate to improved outcomes for NSCLC patients treated with ALK TKIs.
INTRODUCTION: Despite initial effectiveness of ALK receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with ALK+ NSCLC, therapeutic resistance will ultimately develop. Serial tracking of genetic alterations detected in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be an informative strategy to identify response and resistance. This study evaluated the utility of analyzing ctDNA as a function of response to ensartinib, a potent second-generation ALK TKI. METHODS: Pre-treatment plasma was collected from 76 patients with ALK+ NSCLC who were ALK TKI-naive or had received prior ALK TKI, and analyzed for specific genetic alterations. Longitudinal plasma samples were analyzed from a subset (n = 11) of patients. Analysis of pre-treatment tumor biopsy specimens from 22 patients was compared with plasma. RESULTS: Disease-associated genetic alterations were detected in 74% (56 of 76) of patients, the most common being EML4-ALK. Concordance of ALK fusion between plasma and tissue was 91% (20 of 22 blood and tissue samples). Twenty-four ALK kinase domain mutations were detected in 15 patients, all had previously received an ALK TKI; G1269A was the most prevalent (4 of 24). Patients with a detectable EML4-ALK variant 1 (V1) fusion had improved response (9 of 17 patients; 53%) to ensartinib compared to patients with EML4-ALK V3 fusion (one of seven patients; 14%). Serial changes in ALK alterations were observed during therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical utility of ctDNA was shown, both at pre-treatment by identifying a potential subgroup of ALK+ NSCLC patients who may derive more benefit from ensartinib and longitudinally by tracking resistance. Prospective application of this technology may translate to improved outcomes for NSCLC patients treated with ALK TKIs.
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