Statistical genomics in rare cancer.

Rare cancers make of more than 20% of cancer cases. Due to the rare nature, less research has been conducted on rare cancers resulting in worse outcomes for patients with rare cancers compared to common cancers. The ability to study rare cancers is impaired by the ability to collect a large enough set of patients to complete an adequately powered genomic study. In this manuscript we outline analytical approaches and public genomic datasets that have been used in genomic studies of rare cancers. These statistical analysis approaches and study designs include: gene set / pathway analyses, pedigree and consortium studies, meta-analysis or horizontal integration, and integration of multiple types of genomic information or vertical integration. We also discuss some of the publicly available resources that can be leveraged in rare cancer genomic studies.