Three-dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Electrospinning technology has been widely used in the past few decades to prepare nanofibrous scaffolds that mimic extracellular matrices. However, traditional two-dimensional (2D) electrospun nanofibrous mats still have some inherent disadvantages for bone tissue engineering, such as limited cell infiltration and lack of three-dimensional (3D) structure. The development of 3D electrospun scaffolds with larger pore sizes and porosity provides new perspectives for electrospinning-based tissue engineering scaffolds. However, there are still some challenges and areas for improvement. In this review, the applications of 3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering from its fabrication methods to bio-functionalization are summarized, with the aim of providing new insights into the design of electrospinning-based bone tissue engineering scaffolds.