Wentong Fang1, Tingting Liu2, Zhongsheng Gu1, Qian Li1, Can Luo1. 1. Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. 2. Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the consumption trend and prescription pattern of opioids in China from 2006 to 2015, and compare the results with those of selected countries and regions, and identify the pain relief level of China. METHODS: Nine different opioid drugs were included in our survey, based on the whole population of China. Consumption of each type of opioid was calculated in grams in reports of the Chinese Food and Drug Administration and the International Narcotics Control Board. Then it was converted to the terms of defined daily doses and morphine equivalents. The correlation between consumption of opioids and gross domestic product, human development index and cancer incidence was analysed by Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: Defined daily doses increased by 7.89% per year since 2006, and reached 91.05 in 2015. Morphine equivalents increased by 10.57% per year since 2006, and reached 7.24 g in 2015. The average defined daily doses and morphine equivalents were 85.44 and 5.70 g respectively in 2006-2015. Annual defined daily doses of China were lower than the global average. Consumption was related to gross domestic product, but not human development index and cancer incidence. Furthermore, defined daily doses varied greatly in countries with similar gross domestic product or the human development index. Strong opioids or non-intravenous opioids always constituted the majority of opioids, and sustained an increasing tendency in consumption. The predominantly prescribed opioids were fentanyl and morphine. Consumption of oxycodone had a tendency to increase, whereas pethidine tended to decrease. CONCLUSION: Consumption of opioids has shown an increasing tendency and in the meantime the prescription pattern has changed, indicating the progress of pain relief in China, though it remained far lower than the average global level.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the consumption trend and prescription pattern of opioids in China from 2006 to 2015, and compare the results with those of selected countries and regions, and identify the pain relief level of China. METHODS: Nine different opioid drugs were included in our survey, based on the whole population of China. Consumption of each type of opioid was calculated in grams in reports of the Chinese Food and Drug Administration and the International Narcotics Control Board. Then it was converted to the terms of defined daily doses and morphine equivalents. The correlation between consumption of opioids and gross domestic product, human development index and cancer incidence was analysed by Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: Defined daily doses increased by 7.89% per year since 2006, and reached 91.05 in 2015. Morphine equivalents increased by 10.57% per year since 2006, and reached 7.24 g in 2015. The average defined daily doses and morphine equivalents were 85.44 and 5.70 g respectively in 2006-2015. Annual defined daily doses of China were lower than the global average. Consumption was related to gross domestic product, but not human development index and cancer incidence. Furthermore, defined daily doses varied greatly in countries with similar gross domestic product or the human development index. Strong opioids or non-intravenous opioids always constituted the majority of opioids, and sustained an increasing tendency in consumption. The predominantly prescribed opioids were fentanyl and morphine. Consumption of oxycodone had a tendency to increase, whereas pethidine tended to decrease. CONCLUSION: Consumption of opioids has shown an increasing tendency and in the meantime the prescription pattern has changed, indicating the progress of pain relief in China, though it remained far lower than the average global level.
Entities:
Keywords:
defined daily dose;; drug utilization;; morphine equivalent;; opioid analgesics;; pain management;
Authors: Augusto Caraceni; Geoffrey Hanks; Stein Kaasa; Michael I Bennett; Cinzia Brunelli; Nathan Cherny; Ola Dale; Franco De Conno; Marie Fallon; Magdi Hanna; Dagny Faksvåg Haugen; Gitte Juhl; Samuel King; Pål Klepstad; Eivor A Laugsand; Marco Maltoni; Sebastiano Mercadante; Maria Nabal; Alessandra Pigni; Lukas Radbruch; Colette Reid; Per Sjogren; Patrick C Stone; Davide Tassinari; Giovambattista Zeppetella Journal: Lancet Oncol Date: 2012-02 Impact factor: 41.316
Authors: Marie-Josephine Seya; Susanne F A M Gelders; Obianuju Uzoma Achara; Barbara Milani; Willem Karel Scholten Journal: J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother Date: 2011