Noreen Samad1, Imran Imran2, Iqra Zulfiqar3, Kainat Bilal3. 1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Electronic address: noreen.samad@bzu.edu.pk. 2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. 3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Aging is a phenomenon that all living organisms surely face. d-galactose (D-gal) has been used to develop an aging model of brain. Lithium (Li) has been proposed to have neuroprotective properties in relation to several neurological disorders. The goal of the current studyis to evaluate the effect of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) on D-gal induced neurological disorders and oxidative stress. METHODS: Rats were treated with D-gal at a dose of 300 mg/ml/kg and various doses of LiCl (20, 40 and 80 mg/ml/kg) for 14 days. After that behavioral analysis (Elevated plus maze (EPM); Light dark box test (LDT); Morris water maze (MWM); Forced swim test (FST)) were performed. Animals were decapitated after behavioral tests and brain samples were collected for biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA); superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GPx); acetylcholiesterase (AChE)) and neurochemical analysis (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)). RESULTS: The results showed that administration of LiCl at all doses ameliorates D-gal induced, decreased time spent in the open arm and light box in EPM and LDT respectively, increased immobility in FST, increased latency escape in MWM, increased MDA levels, decreased antioxidant enzyme, increased AChE activity and decreased 5-HT metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study indicated that D-gal induced anxiety/depression like symptoms and memory impairment were ameliorated by LiCl (at all doses) possibly via its antioxidant effects and normalizing 5-HT function.
BACKGROUND: Aging is a phenomenon that all living organisms surely face. d-galactose (D-gal) has been used to develop an aging model of brain. Lithium (Li) has been proposed to have neuroprotective properties in relation to several neurological disorders. The goal of the current studyis to evaluate the effect of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) on D-gal induced neurological disorders and oxidative stress. METHODS:Rats were treated with D-gal at a dose of 300 mg/ml/kg and various doses of LiCl (20, 40 and 80 mg/ml/kg) for 14 days. After that behavioral analysis (Elevated plus maze (EPM); Light dark box test (LDT); Morris water maze (MWM); Forced swim test (FST)) were performed. Animals were decapitated after behavioral tests and brain samples were collected for biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA); superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); glutathione peroxidase (GPx); acetylcholiesterase (AChE)) and neurochemical analysis (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)). RESULTS: The results showed that administration of LiCl at all doses ameliorates D-gal induced, decreased time spent in the open arm and light box in EPM and LDT respectively, increased immobility in FST, increased latency escape in MWM, increased MDA levels, decreased antioxidant enzyme, increased AChE activity and decreased 5-HT metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study indicated that D-gal induced anxiety/depression like symptoms and memory impairment were ameliorated by LiCl (at all doses) possibly via its antioxidant effects and normalizing 5-HT function.
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