Literature DB >> 31391995

Crystal structure of 3,14-diethyl-2,13-di-aza-6,17-diazo-niatri-cyclo-[16.4.0.07,12]docosane dinitrate dihydrate from synchrotron X-ray data.

Dohyun Moon1, Sunghwan Jeon2, Keon Sang Ryoo2, Jong-Ha Choi2.   

Abstract

The crystal structure of title salt, n class="Chemical">C22H46N4 2+·2NO3 -·2H2O, has been determined using synchrotron radiation at 220 K. The structure determination reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms. The asymmetric unit contains half a centrosymmetric dication, one nitrate anion and one water mol-ecule. The mol-ecular dication, C22H46N4 2+, together with the nitrate anion and hydrate water mol-ecule are involved in an extensive range of hydrogen bonds. The mol-ecule is stabilized, as is the conformation of the dication, by forming inter-molecular N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O, together with intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

Entities:  

Keywords:  crystal structure; hydrate; hydrogen bonds; nitrate; protonated macrocycle; synchrotron radiation

Year:  2019        PMID: 31391995      PMCID: PMC6658972          DOI: 10.1107/S2056989019007655

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun


Chemical context

The 3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra­aza­tri­cyclo­(16.4.0.07,12)doco­sane macrocycle (n class="CellLine">C22H44N4, L) contains a cyclam backbone with two cyclo­hexane subunits. Ethyl groups are also attached to the 3 and 14 carbon atoms of the propyl chains that bridge opposite pairs of N atoms in the structure. The macrocyclic ligand L is a strongly basic amine capable of forming the dication, [C22H46N4]2+ or the tetra­cation [C22H48N4]4+ in which all of the N—H bonds are generally available for hydrogen-bond formation. These di- or tetra-ammonium cations may be suitable for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions from water. The crystal structures of [Cu(L)](ClO4)2 (Lim et al., 2006 ▸), [Cu(L)](NO3)2, [Cu(L)(H2O)2](SCN)2 (Choi et al., 2012 ▸), [Ni(L)(NO3)2] (Subhan & Choi, 2014 ▸), [Ni(L)(N3)2] (Lim et al., 2015 ▸) and [Ni(L)(NCS)2] (Lim & Choi, 2017 ▸) have been reported. In these complexes, CuII or NiII cations have tetra­gonally distorted octa­hedral environments with the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand in equatorial positions and the O/N atoms of anions or water mol­ecules in the axial positions, while [Ni(L)](ClO4)2·2H2O (Subhan & Choi, 2014 ▸) has a square-planar geometry around the NiII atom that binds to the four nitro­gen atoms of the macrocyclic ligand. The macrocyclic ligands in the CuII and NiII complexes adopt the most stable trans-III conformation. Recently, we also reported the crystal structures of [C22H46N4](ClO4)2 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸), [C22H46N4]Cl2·4H2O (Moon et al., 2013 ▸) and (C22H44N4)2·2NaClO4 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸). To further investigate the hydrogen-bonding behavior, we report here on the synthesis of a new hydrated nitrate salt, [C22H46N4](NO3)2·2H2O, (I), and its structural characterization by synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Structural commentary

The title compound has a positively charged macrocyclic dication, two nitrate anions and two solvent n class="Chemical">water mol­ecules and was prepared during a study of the macrocyclic ligand and its silver(II) complex. An ellipsoid plot of the mol­ecular components in compound (I) is shown in Fig. 1 ▸ along with the atom-numbering scheme. The asymmetric unit consists of one half of the macrocycle, which lies about a center of inversion, one nitrate anion and one solvent water mol­ecule. The four N atoms are coplanar, and the two ethyl substituents are anti with respect to the macrocyclic plane as a result of the mol­ecular inversion symmetry. The six-membered cyclo­hexane ring is in a stable chair conformation. Within the centrosymmetric diprotonated amine unit [C22H46N4]2+, the C—C and N—C bond lengths vary from 1.517 (2) to 1.533 (2) Å and from 1.485 (2) to 1.501 (2) Å, respectively. The macrocycle is protonated at the N2 atom, which is similar to the situation found for [C22H46N4](ClO4)2 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸), but differs from the protonation of the N1 atom in [C22H46N4]Cl2·4H2O (Moon et al., 2013 ▸). The protonation on the N atom might depend on the location of the acceptor atoms of the counter-anion involved in hydrogen bonding. The ranges of N—C—C and C—N—C angles are 108.07 (11) to 111.14 (12)° and 115.09 (11) to 115.19 (10)°, respectively. The bond lengths and angles within the [C22H46N4]2+ dication are comparable to those found in [C22H46N4](ClO4)2 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸) and [C22H46N4]Cl2·4H2O (Moon et al., 2013 ▸). The nitrate counter-anion has a distorted trigonal-planar geometry as a result of the influence of hydrogen bonding on the N—O bond lengths and the O—N—O angles. The N—O bond distances range from 1.204 (3) to 1.214 (2) Å and the O—N—O angles from 117.4 (2) to 123.1 (3)°.
Figure 1

The mol­ecular structure of (I), drawn with displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Primed atoms are related by the symmetry code (1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z). Dashed lines represent N—H⋯O (cyan), N—H⋯N (pink) and O—H⋯O (blue) hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, respectively.

Supra­molecular features

Extensive N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding inter­actions occur in the crystal structure (Table 1 ▸). The crystal packing viewed along the a axis is shown in Fig. 2 ▸. The O—H⋯O n class="Chemical">hydrogen bonds link the water mol­ecules to neighboring nitrate anions, while N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds inter­connect the [C22H46N4]2+ cations with both the nitrate anions and the water mol­ecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by mol­ecular hydrogen bonds involving the macrocycle N—H groups and water O—H groups as donors, and the O atoms of the water mol­ecules and nitrate anions as acceptors, giving rise to a three-dimensional framework (Figs. 1 ▸ and 2 ▸).
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
N2—H2AN⋯N10.902.402.9703 (18)121
N2—H2AN⋯N1i 0.902.412.8141 (17)107
N1—H1N⋯O40.941.842.7493 (19)163
N2—H2AN⋯N10.902.402.9703 (18)121
N2—H2BN⋯O10.902.273.031 (2)142
O4—H1O⋯O10.94 (1)2.57 (2)3.169 (3)122 (2)
O4—H1O⋯O20.94 (1)1.84 (1)2.768 (2)174 (2)
O4—H2O⋯O2ii 0.94 (1)2.04 (1)2.914 (2)155 (2)
O4—H2O⋯O3ii 0.94 (1)2.31 (2)3.120 (4)144 (2)

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) .

Figure 2

The crystal packing in (I), viewed perpendicular to the bc plane. Dashed lines represent N—H⋯O (cyan), N—H⋯N (pink) and O—H⋯O (blue) hydrogen bonding inter­actions, respectively. H atoms bound to C have been omitted.

Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural (Version 5.40, Feb 2019 with 1 update; Groom et al., 2016 ▸) gave just three hits for organic compounds containing the macrocycles n class="Chemical">[C22H48N4]4+, [C22H46N4]2+ or (C22H44N4). The crystal structures of [C22H46N4](ClO4)2 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸), [C22H46N4]Cl2·4H2O (Moon et al., 2013 ▸) and (C22H44N4)2·2NaClO4 (Aree et al., 2018 ▸) were reported by us previously. Until now, no crystal structures of any [C22H46N4]2+ or [C22H48N4]4+ compounds with a nitrate anion have been deposited.

Synthesis and crystallization

Commercially available trans-1,2-cyclo­hexa­nedi­amine, n class="Chemical">ethyl vinyl ketone and silver nitrate (Sigma–Aldrich) were used as provided. All other chemicals were reagent grade and used without further purification. As a starting material, 3,14-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra­aza­tri­cyclo­(16.4.0.07,12)docosane, L was prepared according to a published procedure (Lim et al., 2006 ▸). A solution of the macrocyclic ligand, L (0.33 g, 1.0 mmol) in methanol 10 mL was added dropwise to a stirred solution of AgNO3 (0.34 g, 2.0 mmol) in water 10 mL. The solution turned an orange color and the metallic silver that formed was filtered off. The orange filtrate was kept in an open beaker, protected from light, at room temperature. Block-like colorless crystals of suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained unexpectedly from the solution over a period of a few weeks.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 2 ▸. All C and N-bound H atoms in the complex were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms, with C—H distances of 0.97–0.99 Å, and with an N—H distance of 0.90 Å with U iso(H) values of 1.2 and 1.5 times the U eq of the parent atoms, respectively. The N-bound n class="Disease">H atoms of the [C22H46N4]2+ cation and the O-bound H atoms of the water mol­ecules were located in a difference-Fourier map and refined isotropically, with the N—H distance restrained using DFIX [0.9 (2) Å] and the O—H distances and H—O—H angles restrained using DFIX and DANG constraints [0.94 (2) and 1.55 (2) Å], respectively.
Table 2

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC22H46N4 2+·2NO3 ·2H2O
M r 526.68
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)220
a, b, c (Å)8.6420 (17), 16.687 (3), 9.7340 (19)
β (°)96.46 (3)
V3)1394.8 (5)
Z 2
Radiation typeSynchrotron, λ = 0.610 Å
μ (mm−1)0.07
Crystal size (mm)0.13 × 0.09 × 0.05
 
Data collection
DiffractometerRayonix MX225HS CCD area detector
Absorption correctionEmpirical (using intensity measurements) (HKL3000sm SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997)
T min, T max 0.919, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections14284, 3736, 2968
R int 0.027
(sin θ/λ)max−1)0.693
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.062, 0.211, 1.10
No. of reflections3736
No. of parameters170
No. of restraints4
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)0.73, −0.56

Computer programs: PAL BL2D-SMDC Program (Shin et al., 2016 ▸), HKL3000sm (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997 ▸), SHELXT2018 (Sheldrick, 2015a ▸), SHELXL2018 (Sheldrick, 2015b ▸), DIAMOND 4 (Putz & Brandenburg, 2014 ▸) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▸).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989019007655/sj5572sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989019007655/sj5572Isup2.hkl CCDC reference: 1918729 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C22H46N42+·2NO3·2H2OF(000) = 576
Mr = 526.68Dx = 1.254 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/cSynchrotron radiation, λ = 0.610 Å
a = 8.6420 (17) ÅCell parameters from 46866 reflections
b = 16.687 (3) Åθ = 0.4–33.7°
c = 9.7340 (19) ŵ = 0.07 mm1
β = 96.46 (3)°T = 220 K
V = 1394.8 (5) Å3Block, colorless
Z = 20.13 × 0.09 × 0.05 mm
Rayonix MX225HS CCD area detector diffractometer2968 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: PLSII 2D bending magnetRint = 0.027
ω scanθmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.0°
Absorption correction: empirical (using intensity measurements) (HKL3000sm SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997)h = −11→11
Tmin = 0.919, Tmax = 1.000k = −21→21
14284 measured reflectionsl = −13→13
3736 independent reflections
Refinement on F24 restraints
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: mixed
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.062H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.211w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.1295P)2 + 0.2454P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.10(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
3736 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.73 e Å3
170 parametersΔρmin = −0.56 e Å3
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
N10.51219 (14)0.59626 (8)0.36407 (11)0.0308 (3)
H1N0.4733000.6342000.4228000.037*
N20.28123 (13)0.47313 (7)0.42499 (11)0.0278 (3)
H2AN0.3857110.4768340.4317100.033*
H2BN0.2467190.5132350.4753560.033*
C10.76020 (15)0.60393 (9)0.51374 (13)0.0286 (3)
H10.7168850.6475570.5667810.034*
C20.93544 (17)0.61843 (10)0.51640 (16)0.0365 (3)
H2A0.9837630.6173560.6124130.044*
H2B0.9811480.5750020.4665030.044*
C30.97155 (18)0.69835 (10)0.45121 (17)0.0386 (4)
H3A0.9360380.7422850.5066640.046*
H3B1.0843680.7036930.4503420.046*
C40.89135 (18)0.70410 (10)0.30389 (15)0.0373 (3)
H4A0.9353580.6639040.2459830.045*
H4B0.9103230.7571610.2660130.045*
C50.71640 (17)0.69051 (9)0.30041 (15)0.0342 (3)
H5A0.6676800.6923820.2045530.041*
H5B0.6708300.7332240.3520560.041*
C60.68403 (16)0.60924 (9)0.36398 (13)0.0296 (3)
H60.7268330.5663540.3089930.035*
C70.42136 (18)0.59147 (10)0.22379 (14)0.0353 (3)
H7A0.4673590.5505190.1687180.042*
H7B0.4272020.6430300.1764340.042*
C80.25211 (17)0.57083 (9)0.23440 (14)0.0337 (3)
H8A0.1927620.5808700.1442150.040*
H8B0.2127150.6076520.3007770.040*
C90.21823 (17)0.48504 (9)0.27811 (13)0.0314 (3)
H90.1037450.4786720.2715390.038*
C100.2802 (3)0.42191 (11)0.18588 (16)0.0471 (4)
H10A0.3932720.4282420.1892020.056*
H10B0.2599780.3687490.2227440.056*
C110.2090 (4)0.42595 (16)0.0363 (2)0.0792 (8)
H11A0.0964170.4276280.0325970.119*
H11B0.2396390.378996−0.0128200.119*
H11C0.2454530.473817−0.0066000.119*
N30.2912 (2)0.63006 (12)0.76865 (18)0.0581 (5)
O10.3086 (2)0.58294 (10)0.6746 (2)0.0812 (6)
O20.2872 (2)0.70307 (10)0.74420 (17)0.0696 (5)
O30.2875 (5)0.6094 (2)0.8868 (3)0.1636 (16)
O40.42576 (16)0.72874 (9)0.50503 (14)0.0501 (3)
H1O0.373 (3)0.7221 (16)0.5829 (17)0.075*
H2O0.366 (3)0.7605 (14)0.439 (2)0.075*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
N10.0327 (6)0.0418 (7)0.0171 (5)−0.0017 (5)−0.0003 (4)0.0035 (4)
N20.0303 (6)0.0363 (6)0.0163 (5)−0.0001 (4)−0.0003 (4)0.0006 (4)
C10.0300 (6)0.0370 (7)0.0185 (6)−0.0006 (5)0.0012 (5)0.0007 (5)
C20.0303 (7)0.0486 (9)0.0302 (7)−0.0013 (6)0.0012 (5)0.0050 (6)
C30.0361 (7)0.0496 (9)0.0305 (7)−0.0078 (6)0.0055 (6)0.0016 (6)
C40.0380 (7)0.0482 (9)0.0269 (7)−0.0029 (6)0.0090 (6)0.0038 (6)
C50.0368 (7)0.0423 (8)0.0240 (6)−0.0006 (5)0.0048 (5)0.0065 (5)
C60.0317 (6)0.0389 (7)0.0180 (6)0.0007 (5)0.0024 (5)0.0015 (5)
C70.0393 (8)0.0476 (8)0.0176 (6)−0.0062 (6)−0.0027 (5)0.0057 (5)
C80.0344 (7)0.0437 (8)0.0213 (6)0.0024 (5)−0.0040 (5)0.0046 (5)
C90.0329 (7)0.0430 (8)0.0172 (6)−0.0033 (5)−0.0013 (5)0.0010 (5)
C100.0721 (12)0.0461 (10)0.0240 (7)−0.0041 (8)0.0097 (7)−0.0044 (6)
C110.141 (3)0.0743 (15)0.0214 (8)−0.0135 (15)0.0046 (11)−0.0093 (9)
N30.0674 (11)0.0633 (11)0.0418 (9)−0.0045 (8)−0.0025 (8)0.0016 (7)
O10.1056 (14)0.0553 (10)0.0739 (12)0.0074 (8)−0.0284 (10)−0.0228 (8)
O20.1060 (14)0.0545 (9)0.0509 (9)0.0048 (8)0.0204 (9)−0.0098 (6)
O30.285 (5)0.140 (3)0.0760 (18)0.010 (3)0.063 (2)0.0501 (17)
O40.0555 (8)0.0574 (8)0.0384 (7)0.0082 (6)0.0088 (6)−0.0009 (5)
N1—C71.4987 (17)C5—H5B0.9800
N1—C61.5009 (18)C6—H60.9900
N1—H1N0.94C7—C81.517 (2)
N2—C1i1.4784 (18)C7—H7A0.9800
N2—C91.4850 (16)C7—H7B0.9800
N2—H2AN0.9000C8—C91.531 (2)
N2—H2BN0.9000C8—H8A0.9800
C1—C21.5309 (19)C8—H8B0.9800
C1—C61.5330 (18)C9—C101.520 (2)
C1—H10.9900C9—H90.9900
C2—C31.524 (2)C10—C111.517 (3)
C2—H2A0.9800C10—H10A0.9800
C2—H2B0.9800C10—H10B0.9800
C3—C41.524 (2)C11—H11A0.9700
C3—H3A0.9800C11—H11B0.9700
C3—H3B0.9800C11—H11C0.9700
C4—C51.525 (2)N3—O31.204 (3)
C4—H4A0.9800N3—O11.229 (3)
C4—H4B0.9800N3—O21.241 (2)
C5—C61.529 (2)O4—H1O0.937 (10)
C5—H5A0.9800O4—H2O0.941 (9)
C7—N1—C6115.09 (11)N1—C6—C1108.07 (11)
C7—N1—H1N114C5—C6—C1110.95 (12)
C6—N1—H1N109N1—C6—H6109.0
C1i—N2—C9115.19 (10)C5—C6—H6109.0
C1i—N2—H2AN108.5C1—C6—H6109.0
C9—N2—H2AN108.5N1—C7—C8111.11 (11)
C1i—N2—H2BN108.5N1—C7—H7A109.4
C9—N2—H2BN108.5C8—C7—H7A109.4
H2AN—N2—H2BN107.5N1—C7—H7B109.4
N2i—C1—C2114.50 (12)C8—C7—H7B109.4
N2i—C1—C6109.65 (11)H7A—C7—H7B108.0
C2—C1—C6108.97 (11)C7—C8—C9116.55 (12)
N2i—C1—H1107.8C7—C8—H8A108.2
C2—C1—H1107.8C9—C8—H8A108.2
C6—C1—H1107.8C7—C8—H8B108.2
C3—C2—C1112.32 (12)C9—C8—H8B108.2
C3—C2—H2A109.1H8A—C8—H8B107.3
C1—C2—H2A109.1N2—C9—C10111.14 (12)
C3—C2—H2B109.1N2—C9—C8109.38 (11)
C1—C2—H2B109.1C10—C9—C8113.13 (13)
H2A—C2—H2B107.9N2—C9—H9107.7
C4—C3—C2110.74 (13)C10—C9—H9107.7
C4—C3—H3A109.5C8—C9—H9107.7
C2—C3—H3A109.5C11—C10—C9113.86 (17)
C4—C3—H3B109.5C11—C10—H10A108.8
C2—C3—H3B109.5C9—C10—H10A108.8
H3A—C3—H3B108.1C11—C10—H10B108.8
C3—C4—C5110.87 (12)C9—C10—H10B108.8
C3—C4—H4A109.5H10A—C10—H10B107.7
C5—C4—H4A109.5C10—C11—H11A109.5
C3—C4—H4B109.5C10—C11—H11B109.5
C5—C4—H4B109.5H11A—C11—H11B109.5
H4A—C4—H4B108.1C10—C11—H11C109.5
C4—C5—C6110.41 (12)H11A—C11—H11C109.5
C4—C5—H5A109.6H11B—C11—H11C109.5
C6—C5—H5A109.6O3—N3—O1123.1 (3)
C4—C5—H5B109.6O3—N3—O2117.4 (2)
C6—C5—H5B109.6O1—N3—O2119.23 (19)
H5A—C5—H5B108.1H1O—O4—H2O109.8 (18)
N1—C6—C5110.75 (11)
N2i—C1—C2—C3179.62 (12)N2i—C1—C6—C5176.50 (11)
C6—C1—C2—C356.43 (16)C2—C1—C6—C5−57.46 (15)
C1—C2—C3—C4−55.92 (17)C6—N1—C7—C8174.85 (12)
C2—C3—C4—C555.43 (18)N1—C7—C8—C9−71.31 (16)
C3—C4—C5—C6−57.05 (17)C1i—N2—C9—C10−61.66 (16)
C7—N1—C6—C564.03 (15)C1i—N2—C9—C8172.72 (11)
C7—N1—C6—C1−174.25 (12)C7—C8—C9—N268.87 (16)
C4—C5—C6—N1178.64 (11)C7—C8—C9—C10−55.60 (17)
C4—C5—C6—C158.63 (16)N2—C9—C10—C11174.71 (16)
N2i—C1—C6—N154.91 (14)C8—C9—C10—C11−61.8 (2)
C2—C1—C6—N1−179.05 (12)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2—H2AN···N10.902.402.9703 (18)121
N2—H2AN···N1i0.902.412.8141 (17)107
N1—H1N···O40.941.842.7493 (19)163
N2—H2AN···N10.902.402.9703 (18)121
N2—H2BN···O10.902.273.031 (2)142
O4—H1O···O10.94 (1)2.57 (2)3.169 (3)122 (2)
O4—H1O···O20.94 (1)1.84 (1)2.768 (2)174 (2)
O4—H2O···O2ii0.94 (1)2.04 (1)2.914 (2)155 (2)
O4—H2O···O3ii0.94 (1)2.31 (2)3.120 (4)144 (2)
  7 in total

1.  BL2D-SMC, the supramolecular crystallography beamline at the Pohang Light Source II, Korea.

Authors:  Jong Won Shin; Kisu Eom; Dohyun Moon
Journal:  J Synchrotron Radiat       Date:  2016-01-01       Impact factor: 2.616

2.  X-ray structure and spectroscopy of novel trans-[Ni(L)(NO(3))(2)] and [Ni(L)](ClO(4))(2)·2H(2)O complexes.

Authors:  Md Abdus Subhan; Jong-Ha Choi
Journal:  Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc       Date:  2013-12-19       Impact factor: 4.098

3.  Synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of cyano-bridged honeycomblike layers M(V)-Cu(II) (M = Mo, W) chelated by a macrocyclic ligand.

Authors:  Jeong Hak Lim; Jun Sung Kang; Hyoung Chan Kim; Eui Kwan Koh; Chang Seop Hong
Journal:  Inorg Chem       Date:  2006-09-18       Impact factor: 5.165

4.  3,14-Diethyl-2,13-di-aza-6,17-diazonia-tri-cyclo-[16.4.0.0(7,12)]docosane dichloride tetra-hydrate from synchrotron radiation.

Authors:  Dohyun Moon; Md Abdus Subhan; Jong-Ha Choi
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online       Date:  2013-10-09

5.  SHELXT - integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv       Date:  2015-01-01       Impact factor: 2.290

6.  Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem       Date:  2015-01-01       Impact factor: 1.172

7.  The Cambridge Structural Database.

Authors:  Colin R Groom; Ian J Bruno; Matthew P Lightfoot; Suzanna C Ward
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2016-04-01
  7 in total

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