Statin use and high-dose statin use after ischemic stroke in the UK: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Trial evidence supports statin use after ischemic stroke and recent American, European and British guidelines recommend high-intensity statins for this indication. Limited data are available describing current statin use among these patients in unselected settings. We conducted a cohort study to examine secular trends and factors associated with statin use and dose following ischemic stroke.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients with first ischemic stroke between 2000 and 2014 was conducted using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Proportions of statin users and high-intensity statin users within 2 years after stroke were estimated for each calendar year. We used Cox regression models to explore potential factors associated with statin use and Poisson regression models to calculate risk ratios for the use of a high-intensity statin.
Results: A total of 80,442 patients with first stroke were analyzed. The proportion using statins within 2 years after stroke increased from 25% in 2000 to 70% in 2006 and remained at about 75% through 2014. Among post-stroke statin users, high-intensity use accounted for approximately 15% between 2004 and 2011 and then increased to almost 35% in 2014. Older patients (aged ≥75 years), younger patients (<45 years), patients with no prior statin treatment, dementia, underweight, or absence of cardiovascular factors (coronary heart disease, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or transient ischemic attack) were less likely to use statins and less likely to receive a high-intensity statin.
Conclusion: There has been an increase over time in both statin use and dose, but many patients with ischemic stroke continue to be under-treated. Clinical trials and policy interventions to improve appropriate post-stroke statin use should focus on younger and older patients, patients with no pre-stroke statin treatment, and patients without additional cardiovascular risk factors.

Introduction

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in the UK and worldwide.1,2 While incidence and mortality rates are declining in developed countries such as the UK and the USA, related to improvements in health care and public health, post-stroke survival is also increasing, expanding the population in need of effective secondary prevention of recurrent strokes and cardiovascular events.3,4 Ischemic stroke accounts for 80–90% of stroke in the UK,5 and statins can reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular events in these patients.6

Evidence supporting the benefits of statins after ischemic stroke has come in particular from two large-scale randomized controlled trials, the Heart Protection Study (HPS)7 published in 2004 and the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL)8 in 2006. This evidence is reflected in clinical guidelines, published since 2011, which now recommend high-intensity statin therapy be initiated or continued as first-line treatment in both women and men who have ischemic stroke, unless contraindicated.9–11 In parallel, the affordability and availability of high-intensity statins was increased as the patent for atorvastatin expired in 2011. Finally, a UK-specific event that may have increased post-stroke statin use is the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) incentive to encourage family doctors to ensure ischemic stroke survivors maintain a total cholesterol target of 5 mmol/L or less, which was introduced in 2004 and continued over the next 10 years.12

Statin therapy is therefore now an established key component of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke.13,14 Some previous studies have explored persistence with statin therapy in the initial years after a stroke, and have suggested different factors that are associated with non-persistence, including age, polypharmacy, and comorbidity; most studies are not of sufficient size to explore all key factors, and it is also likely that patterns of use have changed over time.15–17 There are few recent published data on trend in and factors for statin use and dose after ischemic stroke.

This study examines how statin prescribing after stroke has changed over time between 2000 and 2014 in a large representative sample of the UK general population, and explores factors associated with both statin use and with high-intensity statin use.

Methods

Data source

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), which provides anonymized data extracted from primary care medical records (including community prescribing information), with coverage of a representative sample of approximately 7% of the UK population from more than 670 practices.18

Study population

We examined the whole history of patients with any stroke codes recorded in the CPRD and included patients aged at least 18 years with a diagnosis of first stroke between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2014. The study population comprises patients registered with participating general practices, including nursing home patients. Patients with any Read codes relating to hemorrhagic stroke for the index stroke were excluded. To ensure the quality of recording of pre-existing diagnoses and medications, eligible patients were also required to have at least 12-month record information before the index date. Codes for stroke were listed in .

Statin use after stroke

Statins were identified using British National Formulary codes18 within 2 years after the index stroke (). All the statins which had ever been on the market in the UK were analyzed in this study, including atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin. Statin use was defined as the first prescription of statins on or after the index date. According to the British NICE guideline,11 high-intensity statin use was defined as atorvastatin ≥20 mg/day, rosuvastatin ≥10 mg/day, and simvastatin 80 mg/day, medium-intensity as atorvastatin 10 mg, fluvastatin 80 mg, rosuvastatin 5 mg, simvastatin 20 and 40 mg, and low-intensity as others. Post-stroke statin intensity was defined based on the highest intensity used within 2 years after stroke. Accordingly, statin users were further classified into high-intensity statin users and low/medium-intensity users. When investigating the use of high-intensity statins, we excluded cerivastatin, which was withdrawn from the world market in 2001 due to adverse effects.

Covariates

Demographic covariates included age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Age was calculated on the date of index stroke and categorized into six groups (18–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years). Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) grouped by quintile was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status. The IMD includes seven domains: income; employment; health and disability; education, skills and training; barriers to housing and services; crime; and living environment.19 Where patient-level IMD was missing, we used the practice-level IMD instead. Prior medical condition was defined as the presence of any relevant code before the index stroke date. These conditions included atrial fibrillation (AF), cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic liver disease (CLD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, myopathy, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and transient ischemic attack (TIA), which are conditions considered to potentially influence statin use.20 The code lists for these conditions were developed as part of a project describing multimorbidity in primary care21 and are publicly available on the website: http://www.phpc.cam.ac.uk/pcu/cprd_cam/codelists/. Smoking (current, ex-, and never smoking) and body mass index (BMI<18.5, 18.5–24, 25–29, 30–34, and 35 or more) were measured using the most recent data before the index stroke. Year of stroke was categorized into three periods (2000–2006, 2007–2010, and 2011–2014) according to the publication time of the landmark trials7,8 and guidelines.9–11

Patients with any statin prescriptions during the 365 days prior to their index stroke were regarded as pre-stroke statin users, with the intensity defined as highest intensity they ever used in this period. The same time window was used to define other lipid-lowering treatment (LLT) before stroke. For long-term conditions, an absence of related codes was regarded as an absence of the condition.

Statistical analysis

Baseline characteristics and statin use patterns after stroke were described for the overall stroke cohort. We also examined the similarity in the baseline characteristics and the statin use patterns between our overall cohort and the subgroup of patients with specific ischemia Read codes in order to verify that our practical definition of ischemic stroke was robust. We calculated the percentage of post-stroke statin use by year of stroke. Patient characteristics were described for statin users and non-users.

We estimated average hazard ratios (HRs) for statin use during the 2-year follow-up using Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors that allow for intragroup correlation to account for possible clustering effects by general practice. Follow-up started from the index stroke until the first statin prescription (except for the analysis of statin dose) after stroke or censoring, whichever occurred earlier. Censoring included death, emigration from the CPRD, or the end of the follow-up period. HRs were calculated in an unadjusted model, in a partial adjustment model that accounted for demographics, and in a full model that simultaneously adjusted for demographics, prior conditions, smoking, BMI, and period of stroke.

Considering high dose statin use, we investigated the change in the proportion of high-intensity statin prescription over time and described patient characteristics for high-intensity and low/medium-intensity statin users. Restricting analysis to statin users who completed 2-year follow-up after stroke, we used modified Poisson regression with robust standard error to explore possible factors for high-intensity statin treatment.22 Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated in an unadjusted model, in a partial adjustment model, and in a full model.

Based on the HR or RR estimated from a full model, we then calculated relative percentage reduction for potential factors associated with decreased use of statins and a high-intensity statin.

All the data management and statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 15. Quality control was performed before analysis ().

We reported the results according to the RECORD statement (Supplemental Material).

Sensitivity analysis

We conducted a series of sensitivity analysis to examine the robustness of the study results. 1) A time-partitioned analysis was conducted to accommodate potential non-proportionality. In this analysis, the follow-up period was partitioned at 90 days after stroke, based on the inspection of the log–log plots and considering 90-day mortality or disability as a key outcome assessed in trials and observational studies of statin therapy after stroke.23 2) We restricted the analysis to patients who had specific codes for ischemic stroke in the CPRD (ie, excluding any unspecified stroke). 3) We only included patients with no prior statin treatment before stroke (ie, excluding prevalent statin users). 4) To evaluate possible impact of missing data on the results, we restricted the analysis to those with individual IMD. We carried out an extreme-case sensitivity analysis by changing the missing value of smoking status to never smoking or current smoking and changing the missing value of BMI to the 5th or 95th percentile value, respectively.

Ethics approval and patient consents

Ethics approval was obtained from the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee of the CPRD (protocol number 17_012R), with no written consent from participants required.

Results

Characteristics of the stroke cohort

The analysis included 80,442 patients with a first stroke, among whom 26,339 had specified ischemic stroke codes (Figure 1). Overall, 63.8% patients (51,338) ever used statins within 2 years after stroke, among whom 42.7% (21,934/51,338) were on statins prior to stroke. Of the 51,338 patients, 51,326 had specified codes for statin intensity classification and were included in the analysis for high-intensity statin use. Characteristics of the stroke cohort by statin use are shown in Table 1. These characteristics were similar between specified ischemic and unspecified stroke ().

Figure 1

Flowchart of study population inclusion.

Abbreviations: CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation.

Table 1

Characteristics of the stroke cohort by statin use after stroke

Factor	Statin use						No statin use (n=29,104)		Overall (N=80,442)
High intensity* (n=11,877)		Low/Medium intensity* (n=39,449)		Any statin (n=51,338)
Demographics
Age (%)
Mean (SD)	69.3	(11.6)	72.3	(12.1)	71.6	(12.1)	79.0	(13.1)	74.3	(12.9)
18–44 years	274	(2.3)	945	(2.4)	1,219	(2.4)	810	(2.8)	2,029	(2.5)
45–54	1,096	(9.2)	2,539	(6.4)	3,636	(7.1)	900	(3.1)	4,536	(5.6)
55–64	2,499	(21.0)	6,036	(15.3)	8,536	(16.6)	1,799	(6.2)	10,335	(12.9)
65–74	3,639	(30.6)	10,677	(27.1)	14,322	(27.9)	4,301	(14.8)	18,623	(23.2)
75–84	3,410	(28.7)	13,418	(34.0)	16,832	(32.8)	9,954	(34.2)	26,786	(33.3)
≥85	959	(8.1)	5,834	(14.8)	6,793	(13.2)	11,340	(38.9)	18,133	(22.5)
Female (%)	5,486	(46.2)	18,594	(47.1)	24,084	(46.9)	17,252	(59.3)	41,336	(51.4)
IMDa (%)
Group 1	2,353	(19.8)	8,350	(21.2)	10,706	(20.9)	6,125	(21.1)	16,831	(20.9)
Group 2	2,361	(19.9)	7,661	(19.4)	10,023	(19.5)	5,964	(20.5)	15,987	(19.9)
Group 3	2,321	(19.5)	8,158	(20.7)	10,483	(20.4)	6,126	(21.1)	16,609	(20.7)
Group 4	2,456	(20.7)	7,801	(19.8)	10,259	(20.0)	5,278	(18.1)	15,537	(19.3)
Group 5	2,386	(20.1)	7,469	(18.9)	9,857	(19.2)	5,585	(19.2)	15,442	(19.2)
Prior conditions (%)
AF	1,537	(12.9)	6,018	(15.3)	7,556	(14.7)	5,612	(19.3)	13,168	(16.4)
Cancer	987	(8.2)	3,602	(9.1)	4,590	(8.9)	3,351	(11.5)	7,941	(9.9)
CHD	3,533	(29.8)	7,645	(19.4)	11,800	(21.8)	5,320	(18.3)	16,500	(20.5)
CKD	259	(2.2)	631	(1.6)	891	(1.7)	357	(1.2)	1,248	(1.6)
CLD	74	(0.6)	273	(0.7)	347	(0.7)	271	(0.9)	618	(0.8)
COPD	949	(8.0)	2,970	(7.5)	3,920	(7.6)	2,387	(8.2)	6,307	(7.8)
Dementia	183	(1.5)	1,025	(2.6)	1,208	(2.4)	3,030	(10.4)	4,238	(5.3)
Diabetes	2,807	(23.6)	6,243	(15.8)	9,052	(17.6)	3,818	(13.1)	12,870	(16.0)
Heart failure	832	(7.0)	2,328	(5.9)	3,161	(6.2)	3,656	(12.6)	6,817	(8.5)
Hypertension	6,837	(57.6)	20,725	(52.5)	27,567	(53.7)	13,590	(46.7)	41,157	(51.2)
Myopathy	691	(5.8)	2,066	(5.2)	2,757	(5.4)	1,577	(5.4)	4,334	(5.4)
PAD	1,019	(8.6)	2,291	(5.8)	3,310	(6.5)	1,896	(6.5)	5,206	(6.5)
TIA	1,714	(14.4)	5,277	(13.4)	6,992	(13.6)	4,180	(14.4)	11,172	(13.9)
Smoking statusb (%)
Current-smoker	2,889	(24.3)	8,208	(20.8)	11,101	(21.6)	4,482	(15.4)	15,583	(19.4)
Ex-smoker	3,950	(33.3)	12,186	(30.9)	16,137	(31.4)	6,632	(22.8)	22,769	(28.3)
Non-smoker	4,807	(40.5)	17,638	(44.7)	22,450	(43.7)	14,838	(51.0)	37,288	(46.4)
BMIc (%)
Mean (SD)	28.1	(5.3)	27.1	(5.2)	27.4	(5.2)	25.8	(5.2)	26.8	(5.3)
<18.5	142	(1.2)	784	(2.0)	927	(1.8)	1,093	(3.8)	2,021	(2.5)
18.5–24	3,022	(25.4)	11,717	(29.7)	14,742	(28.7)	9,231	(31.7)	23,973	(29.8)
25–29	4,419	(37.2)	13,525	(34.3)	17,946	(35.0)	7,498	(25.8)	25,444	(31.6)
30–34	2,192	(18.5)	5,938	(15.0)	8,132	(15.8)	2,697	(9.3)	10,829	(13.5)
≥35	1,079	(9.1)	2,481	(6.3)	3,560	(6.9)	1,046	(3.6)	4,607	(5.7)
Medications before stroke (%)
Statinsd	7,019	(59.1)	14,912	(37.8)	21,934	(42.7)	3,170	(10.9)	25,104	(31.2)
High	4,327	(36.4)	459	(1.2)	4,786	(9.3)	553	(1.9)	5,339	(6.6)
Low/Medium	2,686	(22.6)	14,422	(36.6)	17,108	(33.3)	2,608	(9.0)	19,716	(24.5)
Other LLT	627	(5.3)	597	(1.5)	1,224	(2.4)	556	(1.9)	1,780	(2.2)

Notes: *Twelve patients only using cerivastatin were excluded out of the analysis of statin intensity, for which statin intensity classification is not available.

aA total of 36 (0.04%) patients had missing value of IMD: 0 (0.00), 10 (0.03%), 10 (0.02%), and 26 (0.09%) for high intensity, low/medium intensity, any statin and no statin use, respectively. Group 1 is the least deprived group. bA total of 4,802 (6.0%) patients had missing value of smoking status: 231 (1.9%), 1,417 (3.6%), 1,650 (3.2%), and 3,152 (10.8%) for high intensity, low/medium intensity, any statin and no statin use, respectively. cA total of 13,570 (16.9%) patients had missing value of BMI: 1,023 (8.6%), 5,004 (12.7%), 6,031 (11.8%), and 7,539 (25.9%) for high intensity, low/medium intensity, any statin and no statin use, respectively. dA total of 49 (0.06%) patients had missing value of pre-stroke statin dose: 6 (0.05%), 31 (0.08%), 40 (0.08%), and 9 (0.03%) for high intensity, low/medium intensity, any statin and no statin use, respectively.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; LLT, lipid-lowering treatment; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Among statin users, most were commenced on treatment within 90 days after stroke (84.3%) with a medium-intensity dose (73.8%). Those who did not change initial intensity through 2 years accounted for 86.4%. These statin use patterns were similar between patients with specified ischemic stroke and unspecified stroke (). Only 3.9% of no statin users (1,128/29,104) were prescribed alternative lipid-lowering drugs within a 2-year period after stroke.

Trend in statin use and dose after stroke

Overall, the percentage of statin use increased steadily between 2000 and 2006, from 25% to 70% (Figure 2). While the percentage continued to grow slightly afterward, it became stable at about 75% through 2014. Two factors accounted for the trend in increasing statin use. First, the general trend ran parallel to an increasing trend in statin use prior to stroke, which accounted for less than 10% of patients in 2000 and over 40% in 2014, and these prior users of statins continued to use them after stroke in almost 90% of cases throughout 2000–2014. Second, the use of statins among pre-stroke non-users increased from 20% to 60% between 2000 and 2006 (Figure 3).

Figure 2

Trend in statin and intensity use after stroke.

Figure 3

Trend in statin and intensity use after stroke by prior statin use ((A) no pre-stroke statin use; (B) pre-stroke statin use).

Use of high-intensity statins has fluctuated over time, but there is evidence of an increase from 10% since 2008, to about 35% in 2014.

There were similar trends in the proportion of statin users and high-intensity statin users between specified ischemic and unspecified stroke, with slightly higher usage in the specified group for each calendar year ().

Factors associated with statin use and high-intensity statin use after stroke

As shown in Table 2, in the fully adjusted model, extremes of age were associated with lower rates of all types of statin use, with people aged 18–44 years old and over 85 years old less likely than the 55–64-year-old age group to use statins (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.48–0.56, and HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.46–0.50, respectively). Statin usage was similar across all socioeconomic groups and between genders after adjustment.

Table 2

Factors associated with statin use and high-intensity statin use within 2 years after stroke

Factor	Statin use			High-intensity statin use
	Crude HR (95% CI) (N=80, 442)a	Adjusted HR (95%CI)		Crude RR (95% CI) (N=42, 297)d	Adjusted RR (95% CI)
Model 1 (N=80, 406)b	Model 2 (N=66, 136)c	Model 1 (N=42, 292)e	Model 2 (N=37, 034)f
Demographics
Age (Year)
18–44	0.51 (0.48–0.54)***	0.52 (0.49–0.55)***	0.52 (0.48–0.56)***	0.78 (0.69–0.87)***	0.78 (0.69–0.87)***	0.81 (0.72–0.92)**
45–54	0.90 (0.87–0.93)***	0.90 (0.87–0.94)***	0.88 (0.85–0.92)***	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	1.06 (1.00–1.12)
55–64	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
65–74	0.88 (0.86–0.91)***	0.89 (0.86–0.91)***	0.90 (0.88–0.93)***	0.87 (0.84–0.92)***	0.87 (0.83–0.91)***	0.83 (0.79–0.87)***
75–84	0.67 (0.65–0.69)***	0.68 (0.66–0.70)***	0.73 (0.71–0.75)***	0.71 (0.68–0.75)***	0.70 (0.67–0.74)***	0.65 (0.61–0.68)***
≥85	0.40 (0.38–0.41)***	0.41 (0.39–0.42)***	0.48 (0.46–0.50)***	0.50 (0.46–0.54)***	0.49 (0.46–0.54)***	0.46 (0.42–0.50)***
Female	0.81 (0.80–0.83)***	0.93 (0.91–0.94)***	0.98 (0.97–1.00)	0.98 (0.95–1.02)	1.05 (1.01–1.09)**	1.11 (1.08–1.15)***
IMD (Quintile)
Group 1 (least deprived)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Group 2	0.97 (0.93–1.02)	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.98 (0.94–1.01)	1.07 (0.97–1.17)	1.06 (0.97–1.16)	1.07 (0.98–1.16)
Group 3	0.99 (0.95–1.04)	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.97 (0.94–1.01)	1.02 (0.93–1.11)	1.00 (0.92–1.09)	0.97 (0.89–1.05)
Group 4	1.03 (0.98–1.08)	0.99 (0.95–1.04)	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	1.08 (0.99–1.18)	1.04 (0.95–1.14)	1.00 (0.92–1.09)
Group 5	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	0.94 (0.89–0.98)**	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	1.09 (1.00–1.20)	1.04 (0.95–1.14)	1.00 (0.91–1.09)
Prior medical conditions
AF	0.89 (0.87–0.92)***	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	0.90 (0.88–0.93)***	0.88 (0.84–0.93)***	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	0.89 (0.84–0.94)**
Cancer	0.92 (0.90–0.95)***	0.97 (0.95–1.00)	0.88 (0.86–0.91)***	0.94 (0.88–1.00)*	1.02 (0.95–1.08)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)
CHD	1.21 (1.19–1.24)***	1.26 (1.24–1.29)***	1.22 (1.19–1.25)***	1.55 (1.48–1.61)***	1.67 (1.60–1.73)***	1.58 (1.52–1.65)***
CKD	1.30 (1.21–1.40)***	1.39 (1.29–1.49)***	1.01 (0.95–1.08)	1.30 (1.16–1.46)***	1.42 (1.27–1.59)***	1.04 (0.94–1.16)
CLD	0.79 (0.71–0.88)***	0.70 (0.62–0.78)***	0.66 (0.59–0.74)***	0.96 (0.78–1.19)	0.89 (0.72–1.10)	0.82 (0.67–1.02)
COPD	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	1.00 (0.96–1.03)	0.96 (0.92–0.99)*	1.08 (1.02–1.15)*	1.10 (1.04–1.17)**	1.00 (0.94–1.06)
Dementia	0.43 (0.40–0.46)***	0.54 (0.51–0.58)***	0.62 (0.58–0.66)***	0.72 (0.61–0.84)***	0.85 (0.73–1.00)	0.83 (0.71–0.98)*
Diabetes	1.26 (1.24–1.30)***	1.21 (1.18–1.24)***	1.08 (1.05–1.10)***	1.45 (1.38–1.51)***	1.44 (1.38–1.50)***	1.24 (1.18–1.29)***
Heart failure	0.75 (0.72–0.78)***	0.87 (0.83–0.90)***	0.87 (0.83–0.90)***	1.20 (1.12–1.30)***	1.33 (1.24–1.43)***	1.07 (0.99–1.15)
Hypertension	1.19 (1.17–1.21)***	1.24 (1.21–1.26)***	1.10 (1.08–1.12)***	1.17 (1.13–1.21)***	1.25 (1.20–1.29)***	1.15 (1.11–1.20)***
Myopathy	1.01 (0.97–1.05)	1.09 (1.05–1.13)***	0.95 (0.90–0.99)*	1.10 (1.02–1.18)*	1.17 (1.09–1.26)***	1.07 (1.00–1.15)*
PAD	1.07 (1.03–1.11)***	1.07 (1.04–1.11)***	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	1.39 (1.31–1.47)***	1.43 (1.35–1.52)***	1.20 (1.13–1.27)***
TIA	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	1.06 (1.03–1.09)***	1.11 (1.08–1.13)***	1.07 (1.02–1.12)**	1.11 (1.05–1.16)***	1.08 (1.03–1.14)*
Smoking status
Current-smoker	1.21 (1.18–1.24)***	1.00 (0.98–1.03)	1.06 (1.04–1.09)***	1.19 (1.13–1.24)***	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	1.10 (1.04–1.15)***
Ex-smoker	1.28 (1.25–1.31)***	1.18 (1.16–1.21)***	1.11 (1.08–1.13)***	1.14 (1.09–1.18)***	1.12 (1.08–1.17)***	1.06 (1.02–1.10)**
Non-smoker	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
BMI
<18.5	0.74 (0.69–0.79)***	0.78 (0.73–0.83)***	0.78 (0.73–0.83)***	0.81 (0.69–0.96)*	0.81 (0.69–0.96)*	0.82 (0.70–0.97)*
18.5–24	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
25–29	1.20 (1.17–1.22)***	1.13 (1.11–1.16)***	1.09 (1.07–1.12)***	1.19 (1.14–1.25)***	1.16 (1.11–1.22)***	1.12 (1.07–1.17)***
30–34	1.32 (1.28–1.36)***	1.21 (1.17–1.24)***	1.10 (1.07–1.13)***	1.30 (1.24–1.38)***	1.24 (1.17–1.30)***	1.10 (1.05–1.16)***
≥35	1.40 (1.35–1.46)***	1.24 (1.19–1.29)***	1.08 (1.04–1.12)***	1.44 (1.35–1.54)***	1.31 (1.22–1.39)***	1.10 (1.03–1.17)**
Pre-stroke medications
Statins	2.84 (2.76–2.93)***	2.69 (2.61–2.76)***	2.36 (2.30–2.42)***	1.94 (1.86–2.02)***	2.01 (1.93–2.09)***	1.71 (1.63–1.78)***
High intensity	2.91 (2.81–3.02)***	2.63 (2.53–2.73)***	2.30 (2.21–2.39)***	5.22 (5.00–5.45)***	5.19 (4.97–5.43)***	4.74 (4.51–4.99)***
Low/Medium intensity	2.83 (2.75–2.91)***	2.71 (2.63–2.78)***	2.37 (2.31–2.44)***	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	1.04 (0.99–1.10)	1.01 (0.95–1.06)
No statin use	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Other LLT	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	0.91 (0.86–0.97)**	0.65 (0.61–0.69)***	2.25 (2.11–2.39)***	2.17 (2.04–2.31)***	1.62 (1.52–1.73)***

Notes: ***P-value <0.001, **<0.01, *<0.05. Model 1: This model included demographics (age, gender, IMD) for adjustment. Model 2: This model included demographics (age, gender, IMD), prior conditions (AF, cancer, CHD, CKD, CLD, COPD, dementia, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, myopathy, PAD, TIA), smoking, BMI, and period of stroke for adjustment. aFor IMD, smoking, BMI and pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample sizes included in the models were 80,406, 75,640, 66,872, and 80,393, respectively, due to the missing data. bFor smoking, BMI and pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample sizes included in the models were 75,614, 66,852, and 80,357, respectively, due to the missing data. cFor pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample size included in the model was 66,094, due to the missing data. dFor IMD, smoking, BMI and pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample sizes included in the models were 42,292, 40,907, 37,373, and 42,263, respectively, due to the missing data. eFor smoking, BMI and pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample sizes included in the models were 40,902, 37,369, and 42,258, respectively, due to the missing data. fFor pre-stroke statin intensity, the sample size included in the model was 37,004, due to the missing data.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR: hazard ratio; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; LLT, lipid-lowering treatment; PAD, peripheral artery disease; RR: risk ratio; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Among prior conditions, CHD, TIA, hypertension, and diabetes had the strongest association with statin use, with any statin use between 8% and 22% higher after full adjustment. These conditions were also associated with high-intensity statin use (final three columns in Table 2), from 8% to 58% higher than the relevant reference group in the full model. Notably, PAD, also an indication for statin use, was not associated with increased use of statins in the full model, though it was associated with increased probability of high intensity of statins.

Smokers and obese patients likewise had significantly increased statin and high-intensity statin use.

In contrast, dementia, heart failure, and CLD were associated with the lowest statin use both before and after adjustment.

Previous use of statins was strongly associated with statin use after ischemic stroke, with an HR of 2.36 (95% CI 2.30–2.42) in the fully adjusted model. Likewise, previous use of high-intensity statins was strongly associated with high-intensity statin use after ischemic stroke, with an RR of 4.47 (95% CI 4.51–4.99). Patients with pre-stroke non-statins LLT were less likely to use statins after ischemic stroke, but if they did use them, were more likely to receive a high intensity.

All the associations of factors with statin prescription and high dose use were categorized into three groups, in which patients may miss out the optimal statin treatment after stroke (Table 3).

Table 3

Factors associated with different chances of using a statin after ischemic stroke, and a high-intensity statin if used

Factor	Statin use (relative percentage change)a	High-intensity statin use (relative percentage change)a
Group 1: Patients less likely to use statins and less likely to use a high-intensity statin
Age (years) (reference: 55–64)
18–44b	−48	−19
65–74	−10	−17
75–84	−27	−35
≥85	−52	−54
AF	−10	−11
Dementia	−38	−17
No CHD	−18	−37
No diabetes	−7	−19
No hypertension	−9	−13
No TIA	−10	−7
Never smoking
Current smoking (reference)	−6	−9
Former smoking (reference)	−10	−6
BMI<18.5 (reference: BMI 18.5–24)	−22	−18
BMI 18.5–24
25–29 (reference)	−8	−11
30–34 (reference)	−9	−9
≥35 (reference)	−8	−9
No prior statin use
Prior any statin use (reference)	−58	−42
Prior high-intensity statin use (reference)	−57	−79
Group 2: Patients less likely to use statins but not less likely to use a high-intensity statin
Age (years) 45–54c (reference: 55–64)	−12	+6
Cancerc	−12	−3
CLDc	−34	−18
COPDc	−4	0
Heart failurec	−13	+7
Myopathy	−5	+7
No prior statin usec (reference: prior low/medium-intensity statin)	−58	+1
Prior non-statin LLT	−35	+62
Group 3: Patients not less likely to use statins but less likely to use a high-intensity statin
Maled	+2	−10
No PADd	−2	−17

Notes: aThese two columns show the relative percentage change in the probability of statin and high-intensity statin use compared with a relevant reference group. The percentage in the table was calculated based on the point estimates of HR or RR from the Model 2 (fully adjusted). bThe two figures in this row, for example, mean patients aged 18–44 years old were 48% less likely to use statins and 19% less likely to use high dose statins post-stroke, compared with the reference group of 55–64 years old. cFor patient group 2, these variables were not significantly associated with high-intensity statin use at P-value<0.05 in Model 2. dFor patient group 3, these variables were not significantly associated with statin use at P-value<0.05 in Model 2.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LLT, lipid-lowering treatment; PAD, peripheral artery disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

The time partitioned analysis did not lead to important changes to the results with regard to what factors are associated with statin use after stroke (). For those variables that may not meet the proportional hazards assumption (the curves in a log–log plot are not parallel over time) (), their associations with statins prescription were strengthened after 90 days of first stroke, except TIA. Sensitivity analysis excluding unspecified stroke conformed to the main analysis, though reduced the power of the analysis (). When prior statin users were excluded, we observed that CHD, PAD, TIA, and diabetes were associated with decreased probability of statin use after stroke and the association of these cardiovascular comorbidities with high-dose statin use was attenuated (). A series of sensitivity analyses to cope with missing data did not change the main results, except that 1) the marginally significant associations (including myopathy associated with statin use; dementia, TIA and BMI≥35 associated with high-intensity statin use) in the main analysis vanished but IMD groups 2 and 3 were associated with slightly decreased use of statins when the analysis was restricted to those with individual IMD; and that 2) the associations of BMI≥35 with increased use of any statin and high-intensity statin vanished when the missing value of BMI was replaced by the 95th percentile value.

Discussion

In this cohort study, we found that statin use after stroke steadily increased between 2000 and 2006, after which time there has been little change. Increased usage was both because more patients were on statins before stroke, and because more patients were initiated on statins after stroke. With regard to high-intensity statins, after some fluctuation from 2000 to 2008, there has been a steady increase to about 35% of post-stroke statin users by 2014.

The changes in statin use after stroke over this time period reflect changes in the clinical evidence and guidelines. Key data on the benefits of statins after ischemic stroke were published between 2000 and 2006.7,8 Afterward, the proportion of stroke patients on statins was stable at 70–75% during the period that targets were in place for UK family doctors. Increasing statin use after ischemic stroke over time has been reported in other studies up until 2010, which focused on use at the time of hospital discharge.24–26 Another study using primary care data reported an increase in statin use within 1 year following stroke from 56% in 2003 to 71% in 2006.27 This study included hemorrhagic stroke, for which the statin use patterns are likely to be different.

The increase in high-intensity use reflects more recent guidelines, where high-intensity statins have been explicitly recommended for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including ischemic stroke.9–11 The availability of generic atorvastatin, whose patent expired in 2011, may have contributed to the increase in the use of high-intensity statins (however, this did not influence the cost to patients, as all UK prescriptions cost a standard charge, from which almost all stroke patients are exempt). Recent studies focusing on CHD suggested that 35% of patients started high-intensity statins after hospital discharge between 2007 and 2009 and the proportion increased from 33.5% in 2011 to 71.7% in 2014.28,29 By comparison, statin usage after ischemic stroke in our study is substantially lower. This may be in part attributed to the fact that the risk reduction in CHD achieved by statins is larger than that for stroke.6

Our findings of what factors are associated with statin use are consistent with previous reports,24,25,30–33 which suggest older age, AF, and dementia are associated with less use of statins after stroke and that hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are associated with increased statin use.24,25,32,34 Ours is the first study to explore what factors are associated with high-intensity statin use after stroke. Many of these overlap with the factors associated with low statin use. The most important factor associated with both underuse of statins and lower dose is age, with both older (≥75 years) and younger (18–44) patients being less likely to be treated according to current guidelines. This may be justified in older people if a palliative approach is being taken, or reflect concern that the key statin trials in a post-stroke population had mean ages of participants of about 65 years;7,8 underuse may also reflect concerns about the potential increased risk of adverse effects in the presence of multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy.35 The underuse of statins in patients with dementia may indicate lack of data on risks and benefits of statins in these patients, who may have reduced ability to adhere to treatment, decreased capacity to experience benefits and increased risk of adverse effects.36 The absence of other cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and CKD was consistently associated with lower probability of statin use and high-intensity statin use after stroke, which differs from studies of CHD and PAD populations.28,29,37 This, together with the strong association of statin use (positive association) and other LLT use (inverse association) prior to stroke with post-stroke statin use, suggests that the occurrence of a stroke does not have the impact on statin use that would be expected from the guidelines,9–11 and that patients who are new users or who require increased statin doses after stroke may benefit from increased support to overcome clinical inertia.38 Paradoxically, patients with CHD, PAD, TIA, or diabetes who were not taking a statin before their stroke were less likely than other patients to initiate a statin after stroke; this may indicate that prior appropriate contraindications to a statin persisted, or that clinical inertia in a high-risk group was not being addressed.

Patients with cancer, heart failure, and non-statin LLT before stroke were at particular risk of not receiving statins. The lower use in heart failure may reflect the negative trials of statins in patients specifically with heart failure, though this would not contraindicate their use after stroke.39–41 Patients with CLD were less likely to receive statins. Because all statins are hepatically cleared and can cause liver enzymes elevation, general practitioners may be reluctant to start statin treatment for patients with underlying liver disease given concern about the possible increased risk of hepatotoxicity.20,42

While this study has provided some recent data on the trend in and factors for statin use and dose after ischemic stroke, it is still unclear how the adherence to statins post-stroke changes over time and whether the factors associated with the adherence differ between high-dose and low/medium-dose statins. Further evidence in this regard is needed to help improve the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

Strengths and limitations

Compared with other previous relevant studies,24–27 we examined the trend in statin use covering a longer and more up-to-date period and added evidence on the trend in and factors of high-intensity statin use, which is recognized in guidelines as being an important component of preventive treatment after stroke. Our follow-up period of 2 years is an advantage over previous studies, which have only been up to 1 year,24–27 since this enabled us to report longer term patterns of statin use, and to confirm that most statin use is initiated within 3 months after the stroke. The study benefits from the strengths of the CPRD in terms of representativeness of real practice settings, detailed prescription information, large sample size, long-term temporal coverage, and sufficient follow-up duration.18

Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. We had incomplete data regarding the stroke subtypes. Unspecified stroke accounted for more than a half of stroke patients in the CPRD. However, patient characteristics and statin use patterns for these patients were similar to those with ischemic stroke, and sensitivity analysis excluding unspecified stroke did not change the results from the main analysis. Second, missing data also occurred in IMD, smoking status and BMI. Sensitivity analyses using extreme-case approach for smoking and BMI did not change the main results, but restriction to those with complete individual IMD suggested the reverse association of IMD with statin use to reach statistical significance in the more deprived groups. In fact, the association with low socioeconomic status has been observed for access to many aspects of preventive treatment.43,44 This suggests that replacing the missing individual IMD with practice-level IMD in our main analysis may dilute the association. Third, some important potential predictors of statin use could not be included, such as lipid profile, patient preference, and practitioner-related factors,45,46 as these data are poorly recorded or not reported in CPRD. Fourth, this study cannot provide any knowledge about the statin use patterns in hospital or at discharge because the CPRD only contains community prescribing information. Fifth, the actual statin use might be overestimated as our analyses were based on the prescription data. It was possible that some patients receiving statins might not actually take them. Finally, this study was based on UK primary care data, which may be of limit applicability to other countries. However, the results we obtained were consistent with those reported elsewhere.24–26,30–34

Conclusion

Despite an increase over time in both statin use and high dose use, suboptimal statin treatment remains common in many patients with ischemic stroke. Statin uptake after stroke is lower than after CHD as previously reported, particularly when dose is taken into account. Statin uptake after stroke is also influenced by a variety of pre-stroke cardiovascular comorbidities and LLT. Therefore, there is a need to continue efforts to improve statin utilization and, in particular, increase high-intensity statin use following ischemic stroke. Better understanding of why statins are not taken up as effectively after stroke (eg, through qualitative research) could guide future implementation strategies to improve uptake.