Raf Aerts1, Ilse Van Overmeire2, Ann Colles3, Mirjana Andjelković4, Govindan Malarvannan5, Giulia Poma6, Elly Den Hond7, Els Van de Mieroop8, Marie-Christine Dewolf9, François Charlet10, An Van Nieuwenhuyse11, Joris Van Loco12, Adrian Covaci13. 1. Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium; University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E-2411, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: raf.aerts@sciensano.be. 2. Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: ilse.vanovermeire@sciensano.be. 3. VITO-HEALTH, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium. Electronic address: ann.colles@vito.be. 4. Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: mirjana.andjelkovic@sciensano.be. 5. University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: malarvannan.govindan@uantwerpen.be. 6. University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: giulia.poma@uantwerpen.be. 7. Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: elly.denhond@provincieantwerpen.be. 8. Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. 9. Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire, Boulevard Sainctelette 55, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium. Electronic address: marie_christine.dewolf@hainaut.be. 10. Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire, Boulevard Sainctelette 55, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium. Electronic address: francois.charlet@hainaut.be. 11. Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: an.vannieuwenhuyse@lns.etat.lu. 12. Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: joris.vanloco@sciensano.be. 13. University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@uantwerpen.be.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk of primiparous mothers in Belgium. METHODS: Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014. POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in >50% of the breast milk samples. Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.
BACKGROUND: Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk of primiparous mothers in Belgium. METHODS: Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014. POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in >50% of the breast milk samples. Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.
Authors: Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza; Paula Pícoli Devóz; João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez; Mariana Zuccherato Bocato; Bruno Alves Rocha; Fernando Barbosa Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-09-05 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido; Esperanza Amaya; Celia Pérez-Díaz; Anabel Soler; Fernando Vela-Soria; Pilar Requena; Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez; Ruth Echeverría; Francisco M Pérez-Carrascosa; Raquel Quesada-Jiménez; Piedad Martín-Olmedo; Juan Pedro Arrebola Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-03-11 Impact factor: 3.390