Identifying the neural representation of fast and slow states in force field adaptation via fMRI.

Although neurorehabilitation is centered on motor learning and control processes, our understanding of how the brain learns to control movement is still limited. Motor adaptation is an error-driven motor learning process that is amenable to study in the laboratory setting. Behavioral studies of motor adaptation have coupled clever task design with computational modeling to study the control processes that underlie motor adaptation. These studies provide evidence of fast and slow learning states in the brain that combine to control neuromotor adaptation.Currently, the neural representation of these states remains unclear, especially for adaptation to changes in task dynamics, commonly studied using force fields imposed by a robotic device. Our group has developed the MR-SoftWrist, a robot capable of executing dynamic adaptation tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that can be used to localize these networks in the brain.We simulated an fMRI experiment to determine if signal arising from a switching force field adaptation task can localize the neural representations of fast and slow learning states in the brain. Our results show that our task produces reliable behavioral estimates of fast and slow learning states, and distinctly measurable fMRI activations associated with each state under realistic levels of behavioral and measurement noise. Execution of this protocol with the MR-SoftWrist will extend our knowledge of how the brain learns to control movement.