Kharah M Ross1, Christine Dunkel Schetter2, Monica R McLemore3, Brittany D Chambers4,5, Randi A Paynter4, Rebecca Baer4,6, Sky K Feuer4,7, Elena Flowers8, Deborah Karasek4,7, Matthew Pantell9, Aric A Prather10, Kelli Ryckman11, Laura Jelliffe-Pawlowski4,5. 1. Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, #355, 3820 24th Ave, Calgary, AB, T3B 2X9, Canada. kharah.ross@ucalgary.ca. 2. Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 3. Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 4. California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 6. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 7. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA. 8. Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 9. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 10. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 11. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) has less impact on cardio-metabolic disease and preterm birth risk among Black women compared to White women, an effect called "diminishing returns." No studies have tested whether this also occurs for pregnancy cardio-metabolic disease, specifically preeclampsia, or whether preeclampsia risk could account for race-by-SES disparities in birth timing. METHODS: A sample of 718,604 Black and White women was drawn from a population-based California cohort of singleton births. Education, public health insurance status, gestational length, and preeclampsia diagnosis were extracted from a State-maintained birth cohort database. Age, prenatal care, diabetes diagnosis, smoking during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were covariates. RESULTS: In logistic regression models predicting preeclampsia risk, the race-by-SES interaction (for both education and insurance status) was significant. White women were at lower risk for preeclampsia, and higher SES further reduced risk. Black women were at higher risk for preeclampsia, and SES did not attenuate risk. In pathway analyses predicting gestational length, an indirect effect of the race-by-SES interaction was observed. Among White women, higher SES predicted lower preeclampsia risk, which in turn predicted longer gestation. The same was not observed for Black women. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to White women, Black women had increased preeclampsia risk. Higher SES attenuated risk for preeclampsia among White women, but not for Black women. Similarly, higher SES indirectly predicted longer gestational length via reduced preeclampsia risk among White women, but not for Black women. These findings are consistent with diminishing returns of higher SES for Black women with respect to preeclampsia.
BACKGROUND: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) has less impact on cardio-metabolic disease and preterm birth risk among Black women compared to White women, an effect called "diminishing returns." No studies have tested whether this also occurs for pregnancy cardio-metabolic disease, specifically preeclampsia, or whether preeclampsia risk could account for race-by-SES disparities in birth timing. METHODS: A sample of 718,604 Black and White women was drawn from a population-based California cohort of singleton births. Education, public health insurance status, gestational length, and preeclampsia diagnosis were extracted from a State-maintained birth cohort database. Age, prenatal care, diabetes diagnosis, smoking during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were covariates. RESULTS: In logistic regression models predicting preeclampsia risk, the race-by-SES interaction (for both education and insurance status) was significant. White women were at lower risk for preeclampsia, and higher SES further reduced risk. Black women were at higher risk for preeclampsia, and SES did not attenuate risk. In pathway analyses predicting gestational length, an indirect effect of the race-by-SES interaction was observed. Among White women, higher SES predicted lower preeclampsia risk, which in turn predicted longer gestation. The same was not observed for Black women. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to White women, Black women had increased preeclampsia risk. Higher SES attenuated risk for preeclampsia among White women, but not for Black women. Similarly, higher SES indirectly predicted longer gestational length via reduced preeclampsia risk among White women, but not for Black women. These findings are consistent with diminishing returns of higher SES for Black women with respect to preeclampsia.
Entities:
Keywords:
Gestational length; Health disparities; Preeclampsia; Race/ethnicity; Socioeconomic status
Authors: Philip Blumenshine; Susan Egerter; Colleen J Barclay; Catherine Cubbin; Paula A Braveman Journal: Am J Prev Med Date: 2010-09 Impact factor: 5.043
Authors: Rebecca J Baer; Christina D Chambers; Gretchen Bandoli; Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2016-06-18 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: David H Chae; Sean Clouston; Connor D Martz; Mark L Hatzenbuehler; Hannah L F Cooper; Rodman Turpin; Seth Stephens-Davidowitz; Michael R Kramer Journal: Soc Sci Med Date: 2017-04-13 Impact factor: 4.634
Authors: Vesna D Garovic; Ralf Dechend; Thomas Easterling; S Ananth Karumanchi; Suzanne McMurtry Baird; Laura A Magee; Sarosh Rana; Jane V Vermunt; Phyllis August Journal: Hypertension Date: 2021-12-15 Impact factor: 9.897
Authors: Mitali Ray; Lacey W Heinsberg; Yvette P Conley; James M Roberts; Arun Jeyabalan; Carl A Hubel; Daniel E Weeks; Mandy J Schmella Journal: Hypertens Pregnancy Date: 2021-10-26 Impact factor: 2.108