OBJECTIVE: Femoroacetabular impingement has been described as an anatomical variation of the proximal femur and/or acetabular rim, impinging the hip joint. A portion of the population asymptomatic in the hip may present radiographic changes from femoroacetabular impingement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these signs in asymptomatic and sedentary males. METHODS: This was a clinical, observational, primary, cross-sectional, controlled study. A total of 32 male volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years, asymptomatic in the hip and sedentary, were selected from a university hospital orthopedic emergency room. All patients underwent standard anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. The measurements of the alpha angle, the retroversion index, the ischial spine signal, and the posterior wall sign were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 29 years (18-40 years old). The prevalence of radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement using an alpha angle of 67 o was of 53.1%; with an alpha angle of 82 o , it was of 31.2%. The mean alpha angle was 67 o (52.4-88.2 o ), with 35.9% of the hips classified as borderline and 6.3% as pathological. The mean alpha angle for the right side was 67.5 o (52.5-88.2 o ), and, for the left, it was 66.6 o (53.1-86.9 o ). The mean retroversion index was 0.048 (right side: 0.044; left side: 0.052). The spine signal was positive in 15.6%, and the posterior wall sign, in 20.3% of the cases. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the prevalence of radiographic signs in a population of asymptomatic and sedentary adult men was high (31.2%). New studies are required to explian the actual clinical significance of this finding.
OBJECTIVE: Femoroacetabular impingement has been described as an anatomical variation of the proximal femur and/or acetabular rim, impinging the hip joint. A portion of the population asymptomatic in the hip may present radiographic changes from femoroacetabular impingement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these signs in asymptomatic and sedentary males. METHODS: This was a clinical, observational, primary, cross-sectional, controlled study. A total of 32 male volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years, asymptomatic in the hip and sedentary, were selected from a university hospital orthopedic emergency room. All patients underwent standard anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. The measurements of the alpha angle, the retroversion index, the ischial spine signal, and the posterior wall sign were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 29 years (18-40 years old). The prevalence of radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement using an alpha angle of 67 o was of 53.1%; with an alpha angle of 82 o , it was of 31.2%. The mean alpha angle was 67 o (52.4-88.2 o ), with 35.9% of the hips classified as borderline and 6.3% as pathological. The mean alpha angle for the right side was 67.5 o (52.5-88.2 o ), and, for the left, it was 66.6 o (53.1-86.9 o ). The mean retroversion index was 0.048 (right side: 0.044; left side: 0.052). The spine signal was positive in 15.6%, and the posterior wall sign, in 20.3% of the cases. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the prevalence of radiographic signs in a population of asymptomatic and sedentary adult men was high (31.2%). New studies are required to explian the actual clinical significance of this finding.
Entities:
Keywords:
femoroacetabular impingement; hip; hip injuries
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was described by Ganz et al (apud Volpon
1
) as a result of an anatomical variation of the proximal femur (neck-head transition) and/or the acetabular rim that impinges the hip joint, mainly during extremes of movement, possibly causing labral and joint cartilage lesions.
1
2
3
4Classically, three basic types of impingement are described: the cam type (deformity at the femoral neck-head transition), the pincer type (increase in acetabular coverage), and the mixed type (combined alterations).
5
6However, a portion of the hip-asymptomatic population can present radiological alterations consistent with FAI, and the clinical significance of this remains unclear.
2
In the Brazilian literature, FAI reports are scarce. As such, the present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of radiological signs of FAI in male hip- and pelvis-asymptomatic individuals cared for at the emergency room of a university hospital.
Material and Methods
This was a clinical, observational, primary, cross-sectional, and controlled study developed at a single center and approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of the local institution under CAAE number 54363516.4.0000.5505. The Strobe checklist guided the methodology.
11
. A total of 32 hip-asymptomatic and sedentary male volunteers, aged between 18 and 40 years, were examined at the Orthopedics Emergency Room of a university hospital.The exclusion criteria were the presence of radiological alterations, such as hip osteoarthritis, femoral head osteonecrosis, sequela from childhood hip diseases, and sequela from pelvic, acetabular or proximal femur fractures, as well as technically inadequate radiographs.The following information was registered: current age and presence of standardized anteroposterior pelvic digital radiography (supine position, inferior limbs in a 15° internal rotation, and X-ray tube at 120 cm from the patient and centered 1 cm above the pubic symphysis).
7
Radiological Evaluation
The following radiological parameters were evaluated: alpha angle, retroversion index, ischial spine signal and posterior wall sign. The radiological analysis was performed by an orthopedist and a radiologist, both with more than five years of experience in the musculoskeletal area and blinded as to the group of origin of the subjects; the measurements were made using the Horos software.The alpha angle values were quantitatively evaluated and then characterized as normal (< 69°), borderline (between 69° and 82°) and pathological (> 82°).
7The retroversion index, a quantitative expression of the crossing sign,
8
was registered in both groups, as well as the presence or absence of ischial spine and posterior wall signs.In order to validate the alpha angle and retroversion index values with the Horos software, the intra- and interobserver correlation coefficient was initially measured. Two measurements from the 50 first radiographs available in the software were performed with a 21-day gap between evaluations. The interclass coefficient was 0.85 for the alpha angle, and 0.91 for the retroversion index. The intraclass coefficient ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 between examiners for the alpha angle, and from 0.97 to 0.98 for the retroversion index.
Statistical Analysis
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US), version 20, the Minitab (Minitab, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, US), version 16, and the Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, US), version 2010, software were used. The descriptive data were expressed as means, medians and standard deviations. The variables were compared with the two-tail Student
t
test. Values of
p
≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant, and the confidence interval was set at 95%.
Results
The study enrolled 32 male individuals (64 hips) with an average age of 29 years (ranging from 18 to 40 years old). The prevalence of radiological signs of FAI using the alpha angle cut-off point of 67° was of 53.1% (17 controls; 28 hips). On the other hand, using an alpha angle cut-off point of 82°, the prevalence was of 31.2% (10 controls; 18 hips).The alpha angle ranged from 52.4° to 88.2°, with an average value of 67°. A total of 23 (35.9%) hips were deemed borderline, and 4 (6.3%) were pathological, and corresponded to the cam type. Hips were defined as borderline with values between 69° and 82°, and as pathological with values ≥ 83°, as shown by Gosvig et al.
8Regarding hip laterality, the average alpha angle on the right side was 67.5°, ranging from 52.5° to 88.2°, and with a standard deviation of 8.4. On the left side, the average alpha angle was 66.6°, ranging from 53.1° to 86.9° (
p
= 0.251).The mean retroversion index was 0.048, with a maximum value of 0.35. Comparatively, the average value at the right side was 0.044, and at the left side, 0.052, with
p
= 0.121.Comparing the distribution of the spine signal, 15.6% (10 hips) were positive. Regarding the posterior wall sign, however, the obtained value was even higher: 20.3% (3 hips) were positive.
Discussion
The present study showed a prevalence of 31.2% of FAI radiological signs among the asymptomatic population analyzed using the cut-off normality point of 82°for the alpha angle. This prevalence can be considered elevated, since it is lower than the one obtained by Diesel et al
7
and Gosvig et al
8
in other studies; the use of an alpha angle value considered pathological may explain this figure.The exact etiology of FAI is yet to be determined, but the disease is a common cause of hip pain in the young population (Samora et al.
9
), and potentially leads to osteoarthritis of the hip. Concern about FAI is increasing, and the diagnosis can be challenging.
4A high proportion of the asymptomatic population presents radiological alterations consistent with FAI. The clinical value of these findings is still debatable, as well as the accuracy of the radiological signs, especially for pincer evaluation, which is being questioned in several studies. Bellaiche et al
10
demonstrated a poor correlation between the crossing sign at the frontal radiography and the acetabular version verified at the magnetic resonance arthrography. Wassilew et al
11
compared the crossing sign and the posterior wall sign in X-rays and computed tomography scans, and found that radiography had lower sensitivity and specificity. Lastly, Diaz-Ledesma et al
12
only observed a correlation between the acetabular retroversion index and the intraoperative chondral lesion, except when considering the crossing, ischial spine and posterior wall signs isolatedly. Since this is a study of prevalence in asymptomatic individuals, we deemed inappropriate to request computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans due to the radiation dose and the cost of the procedures.
Conclusion
The prevalence of radiological signs in an adult male population of asymptomatic and sedentary subjects was elevated (31.2%). The actual clinical significance of this finding requires further studies.
Introdução
O impacto femoracetabular (IFA) foi descrito por Ganz et al. apud Volpon1 como devido a uma variação anatômica do fêmur proximal (transição colo-cabeça) e/ou borda do acetábulo, que causa impacto na articulação do quadril, principalmente durante os extremos de movimento, o que pode levar a lesões labrais e da cartilagem articular.
1
2
3
4Classicamente, podemos identificar três tipos básicos de impacto descritos: tipo
cam
(deformidade na transição colo-cabeça femoral), tipo
pincer
(aumento na cobertura acetabular) e o tipo misto (alterações combinadas).
5
6Ocorre, porém, que uma parcela da população assintomática quanto ao quadril pode apresentar alterações radiográficas de impacto femoroacetabular e seu significado clínico ainda não é totalmente elucidado.
2
Na literatura nacional são escassos os trabalhos sobre o assunto. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a prevalência de sinais radiográficos de impacto femoroacetabular em indivíduos do sexo masculino assintomáticos quanto ao quadril e à pelve atendidos no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitário.
Material e Métodos
Estudo clínico, observacional, primário, transversal, controlado desenvolvido em centro único e aprovado no comitê de ética da instituição em que foi feito sob o número CAAE 54363516.4.0000.5505. Para orientar a metodologia, foi usado o
check-list
Strobe (11). Foram selecionados 32 voluntários masculinos, de 18 a 40 anos, examinados no Pronto-Socorro de Ortopedia de um hospital universitário, assintomáticos quanto aos quadris e sedentários.Foram usados como critérios de não inclusão a presença de alterações radiográficas, tais como osteoatrite do quadril, osteonecrose da cabeça femoral, sequela de doenças do quadril da infância, sequela de fraturas da pelve, acetábulo ou extremidade proximal do fêmur, bem como radiografia com técnica inadequada.Nas avaliações, foram registradas as seguintes informações: idade atual e presença da radiografia digital anteroposterior da pelve padronizada (paciente em decúbito dorsal, membros inferiores com rotação interna de 15∘, ampola localizada a 120 cm do paciente com raio centrado 1 cm acima da sínfise púbica).
7
Avaliação Radiográfica
Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros radiográficos: ângulo alfa, índice de retroversão, sinal da espinha isquiática e sinal da parede posterior. A análise radiográfica foi feita por um ortopedista e um radiologista, ambos com mais de cinco anos de experiência na área musculoesquelética e cegados quanto ao grupo de origem dos participantes, foi usado para as aferições o software Horos.Os valores de ângulo alfa foram avaliados de forma quantitativa e depois categorizados em normal (abaixo de 69∘), limítrofe (entre 69∘ e 82∘) e patológico (acima de 82∘).
7O índice de retroversão, expressão quantitativa do sinal do cruzamento,8 foi registrado em ambos grupos, bem como a presença ou ausência dos sinais da espinha isquiática e da parede posterior.Para validar os valores do ângulo alfa e do índice de retroversão no software Horos, foi medido inicialmente o coeficiente de correlação intra e interobservadores. Foram feitas duas medidas das primeiras 50 radiografias disponíveis no programa, com intervalo de 21 dias entre as avaliações. O coeficiente interclasse obtido foi de 0,85 para o ângulo alfa e de 0,91 para o índice de retroversão. O coeficiente intraclasse variou de 0,90 a 0,96 entre os examinadores para o ângulo alfa e de 0,97 a 0,98 para o índice de retroversão.
Análise Estatística
Foram utilizados os softwares SPSS V20, Minitab 16 e Excel Office 2010. Os dados descritivos foram expressos em médias, medianas e desvios-padrão. A comparação entre as variáveis foi feita com o teste t de Student pareado. O valor de p adotado foi de 0,05 e o intervalo de confiança de 95%.
Resultados
O estudo incluiu 32 indivíduos (64 quadris) do sexo masculino com média de 29 anos (de 20 a 40). A prevalência de sinais radiográficos de impacto femoroacetabular com o uso como corte do ângulo alfa de 67∘ foi de 53,1% (17 controles - 28 quadris). Já com o uso como corte do valor de ângulo alfa de 82∘, encontramos o valor de 31,2% (10 controles - 18 quadris).O ângulo alfa variou de 52,4 a 88,2 graus, média de 67. Vinte e três (35,9%) dos quadris foram considerados limítrofes, quatro (6,3%) patológicos, corresponderam ao impacto tipo CAM. Foram considerados como limítrofe os valores entre 69 e 82 graus e como patológicos valores maiores ou iguais a 83 graus, conforme mostrado pelo estudo de Gosvig et al.
8Quando comparada a lateralidade dos quadris para o ângulo alfa, foi observado para o lado direito uma média de 67,5o, com variação de 52,5o a 88,2o, observou-se um DP de 8,4. No lado esquerdo, a média foi de 66,6o, variou de 53,1o a 86,9o (
p
= 0,251).Foi observado um índice retroversão médio de 0,048, com valor máximo de 0,35. Na comparação dos lados foi observada a média para o lado direito de 0,044 e para o lado esquerdo de 0,052, com
p
= 0,121.Quando feita a comparação da distribuição do “sinal da espinha” foram identificados 15,6% de positividade, ou seja, 10 quadris. Em relação ao outro parâmetro, o “sinal da parede posterior,” no entanto, foi identificado um valor ainda maior: 20,3% de positividade, ou seja, três quadris a mais.
Discussão
O presente estudo mostrou prevalência de 31,2% de sinais radiográficos de IFA na população assintomática estudada com o uso como valor de normalidade de corte para o ângulo alfa 82∘. O valor pode ser considerado elevado, porém é menor do que o encontrado por Diesel et al.
7
e Gosvig et al.
8
em outros estudos, o que pode ser explicado por ter sido usado o valor de ângulo alfa considerado patológico.A etiologia exata do IFA ainda não é bem conhecida, porém é causa comum de dor no quadril na população jovem (Samora et al.
9
) e leva potencialmente a coxartrose. Tem se observado uma maior preocupação sobre o assunto e o diagnóstico pode ser desafiador.
4Grande parte da população assintomática tem apresentado alterações radiográficas compatíveis com IFA. O valor clínico desses achados ainda é objeto de estudo, bem como a acurácia dos sinais radiográficos, especialmente para avaliação do Pincer, tem sido questionado em vários estudos. Bellaiche et al.
10
demonstraram pobre correlação do sinal do cruzamento da radiografia de frente com a versão acetabular verificada na artrorressonância. Wassilew et al.
11
compararam o sinal do cruzamento e o sinal da parede posterior na radiografia com a tomografia e encontraram pior sensibilidade e especificidade nas radiografias. Por fim, Diaz-Ledesma et al.
12
observaram correlação apenas entre índice de retroversão acetabular e lesão condral intraoperatória, mas não observaram tal correlação se considerados isoladamente os sinais do cruzamento, da espinha isquiática e da parede posterior. Por se tratar de estudo de prevalência em indivíduos assintomáticos, julgamos ser inapropriado solicitar tomografia computadorizada e/ou ressonância magnética por questões relativas à dose de radiação e ao custo.
Conclusão
A prevalência de sinais radiográficos numa população de homens adultos, assintomáticos e sedentários foi elevada (31,2%). O real significado clínico desse achado ainda carece de novos estudos.
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