Gina Ferrazzano1, Isabella Berardelli2, Antonella Conte1,3, Viola Baione3, Cristina Concolato3, Daniele Belvisi1, Giovanni Fabbrini1,3, Giovanni Defazio4, Alfredo Berardelli5,6. 1. IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy. 2. Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. 3. Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy. 4. Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS 554 bivio Sestu, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy. 5. IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy. alfredo.berardelli@uniroma1.it. 6. Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy. alfredo.berardelli@uniroma1.it.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Patients with blepharospasm in addition to involuntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle also have non-motor symptoms (psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular). In this paper, we investigated the relationship of non-motor with motor symptoms and the total burden of non-motor symptoms in patients with blepharospasm. Results were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS: We enrolled 60 patients with blepharospasm and 40 age-matched healthy controls. In all patients, the severity of blepharospasm was assessed clinically with the Blepharospasm Severity Rating Scale. All the participants underwent a psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular symptom evaluation. We investigated the correlations between motor, non-motor symptoms, and patients' clinical and demographic features. RESULTS: The frequency of psychiatric, sleep, and cognitive disorders and ocular symptoms was higher in blepharospasm patients than in healthy controls. Non-motor symptoms coexisted in the majority of patients and there was no correlation between non-motor and motor symptoms. The total burden of non-motor symptoms did not associate with motor symptoms and demographic features in blepharospasm. CONCLUSIONS: Non-motor symptoms are independent of motor features and likely belong to the clinical spectrum of blepharospasm. The presence of non-motor symptoms possibly reflects a complex network disorder of blepharospasm.
INTRODUCTION:Patients with blepharospasm in addition to involuntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle also have non-motor symptoms (psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular). In this paper, we investigated the relationship of non-motor with motor symptoms and the total burden of non-motor symptoms in patients with blepharospasm. Results were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS: We enrolled 60 patients with blepharospasm and 40 age-matched healthy controls. In all patients, the severity of blepharospasm was assessed clinically with the Blepharospasm Severity Rating Scale. All the participants underwent a psychiatric, sleep, cognitive, and ocular symptom evaluation. We investigated the correlations between motor, non-motor symptoms, and patients' clinical and demographic features. RESULTS: The frequency of psychiatric, sleep, and cognitive disorders and ocular symptoms was higher in blepharospasmpatients than in healthy controls. Non-motor symptoms coexisted in the majority of patients and there was no correlation between non-motor and motor symptoms. The total burden of non-motor symptoms did not associate with motor symptoms and demographic features in blepharospasm. CONCLUSIONS: Non-motor symptoms are independent of motor features and likely belong to the clinical spectrum of blepharospasm. The presence of non-motor symptoms possibly reflects a complex network disorder of blepharospasm.
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