Stephen J Warner1, Matthew R Garner2, Peter D Fabricant3, Patrick C Schottel4, Michael L Loftus5, Keith D Hentel5, David L Helfet3, Dean G Lorich3. 1. 1University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 1700, Houston, TX 70030 USA. 2. 2Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA USA. 3. 3Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA. 4. 4University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA. 5. 5Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Operative indications for supination-external rotation (SER) ankle fractures depend on the integrity of the medial structures. Despite the importance of assessing deep deltoid ligament injuries, the accuracy of common diagnostic tests has not been established. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The objective of this study was to compare the ability of injury (non-stress) and stress radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose deep deltoid ligament ruptures in operative SER ankle fractures. METHODS: Patients were included who underwent surgical fixation of SER ankle fractures and had appropriate injury and manual stress test radiographs, pre-operative ankle MRI, and intra-operative assessment of deep deltoid integrity by direct visualization. The medial clear space (MCS) was considered positive for all values over 5 mm on the injury or stress mortise radiographs. MRI analysis of the deep deltoid ligament injury was performed by blinded fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. Intra-operative direct visualization and assessment of the deltoid was performed using a direct medial ankle approach at the time of operative fracture fixation. RESULTS: Using intra-operative visualization as the gold standard, MCS measurements and MRI had differing abilities to diagnose a deep deltoid rupture. In cases where the MCS was less than 5 mm on injury radiographs and stress tests were performed, MCS measurements were much less accurate than MRI in predicting deltoid ruptures (46% versus 79%, respectively) with a high false positive rate (80%). In contrast, an MCS measurement of greater than 5 mm on injury radiographs was a strong predictor of deep deltoid rupture (accuracy of 95%). CONCLUSION: Compared with direct visualization of the deltoid ligament intra-operatively, these data support proceeding with surgery when the MCS on injury radiographs is greater than 5 mm without any additional stress tests or advanced imaging. When the MCS is less than 5 mm, we recommend MRI analysis because of its increased accuracy and decreased false positive rate. Improving our ability to diagnose deltoid ruptures will contribute to more effective management of patients with SER ankle fractures.
BACKGROUND: Operative indications for supination-external rotation (SER) ankle fractures depend on the integrity of the medial structures. Despite the importance of assessing deep deltoid ligament injuries, the accuracy of common diagnostic tests has not been established. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The objective of this study was to compare the ability of injury (non-stress) and stress radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose deep deltoid ligament ruptures in operative SER ankle fractures. METHODS: Patients were included who underwent surgical fixation of SER ankle fractures and had appropriate injury and manual stress test radiographs, pre-operative ankle MRI, and intra-operative assessment of deep deltoid integrity by direct visualization. The medial clear space (MCS) was considered positive for all values over 5 mm on the injury or stress mortise radiographs. MRI analysis of the deep deltoid ligament injury was performed by blinded fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. Intra-operative direct visualization and assessment of the deltoid was performed using a direct medial ankle approach at the time of operative fracture fixation. RESULTS: Using intra-operative visualization as the gold standard, MCS measurements and MRI had differing abilities to diagnose a deep deltoid rupture. In cases where the MCS was less than 5 mm on injury radiographs and stress tests were performed, MCS measurements were much less accurate than MRI in predicting deltoid ruptures (46% versus 79%, respectively) with a high false positive rate (80%). In contrast, an MCS measurement of greater than 5 mm on injury radiographs was a strong predictor of deep deltoid rupture (accuracy of 95%). CONCLUSION: Compared with direct visualization of the deltoid ligament intra-operatively, these data support proceeding with surgery when the MCS on injury radiographs is greater than 5 mm without any additional stress tests or advanced imaging. When the MCS is less than 5 mm, we recommend MRI analysis because of its increased accuracy and decreased false positive rate. Improving our ability to diagnose deltoid ruptures will contribute to more effective management of patients with SER ankle fractures.
Authors: Essam E Ismail; Radi A Al Saffar; Kamaluddin Motawei; Sanket D Hiware; Khwaja Moizuddin; Siraj A Shaikh; Sujata B Bayer; Yasser Alharbi; Rashid A Aldahhan; Syed R Daimi Journal: Cureus Date: 2022-03-10
Authors: Kiya Shazadeh Safavi; Aryan Rezvani; Cory F Janney; Jie Chen; Waleed Cassis; Navid Darayan; Vinod K Panchbhavi; Daniel C Jupiter Journal: Cureus Date: 2022-07-19
Authors: C A T van Leeuwen; M Sala; I B Schipper; P Krijnen; F Zijta; J M Hoogendoorn Journal: Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Date: 2021-07-31 Impact factor: 3.693