Plant probiotic bacteria enhance the quality of fruit and horticultural crops.

The negative effects on the environment and human health caused by the current farming systems based on the overuse of chemical fertilizers have been reported in many studies. By contrast, bacterial inoculations produce positive effects on yields without causing this type of harm. Hence, during recent years, the commercialization of biofertilizers has been on the increase, and the number of companies and products available are expanding worldwide every year. In addition to the notable enhancement of crop production, many studies have shown how the application of bacteria has positive effects on food quality such as improved vitamin, flavonoid and antioxidant content, among other benefits. This advantage is interesting with respect to food that is consumed raw, such as fruits and many vegetables, as these bioactive molecules are maintained up until the moment the food is consumed. As regards this review focuses on the collection of studies that demonstrate that microorganisms can act as plant probiotics of fruit and horticultural crops, essential types of food that form part of a healthy diet.

Introduction

Modern farming systems used worldwide to satisfy the increasing demand for food require the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, which are not onpan>ly very costly but produce manpan>y enpan>vpan> class="Chemical">ironmental and human health problems [1]. Also, consumers have become more aware of different food production systems and food safety and quality [2]. In recent years, new production methods to ensure food quality have been investigated, addressing a key area within the European political agenda [3]. Due to general environmental awareness, these new methods are often in line with the ideology of green politics, and many countries have implemented these methods and have included them within their legislation.

Currenpan>tly, there are many studies that have analysed increased crop productionpan> following the use of several bacterial strains. Anpan>d, there is also a significant number of studies that not onpan>ly show increased total yield productionpan>s, but also the nutritionpan>al benpan>efits achieved by the applicationpan> of biofertilizers on plants and the role of bacteria in improving the quality of crops [4].

Recently, the plant-associated microorganisms which cause beneficial efn class="Chemical">fects have beenpan> defined as “Planpan>t Probiotic” [5],[6]. Planpan>t probiotics are microorganpan>isms that conpan>pan> class="Chemical">fer benefits to the health of plants when administered in specific amounts [7]. In addition, they belong to the bacterial group “Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria” (PGPR) which are able to colonize plant roots [8],[9], promote plant growth through different direct and indirect mechanisms [1],[10], improve plant nutritional content [11],[12] and increase crop quality [13],[14].

However, it is known that in order to achieve benefits to plants, the selection of efficient and specific PGPR is required. Therefore, the complex interactions between plants, bacteria and envn class="Chemical">ironmenpan>tal factors need to be understood. Envpan> class="Chemical">ironment factors such as inorganic mineral content and plant exudates are associated with the growth and establishment of bacteria [15],[16]. Thus, the microbial communities associated with plants depend on ecosystem development [16]. Understanding how microbial communities colonize plant roots [17] and the interactions and mechanisms of biofertilizers is essential if plant quality is to be improved [18]. Another key factor is to ensure the non-pathogenicity of the microorganisms used in biofertilization processes, with the aim to avoid problems to human health or the environment [19].

Among n class="Chemical">currenpan>t food guidelines, onpan>e of the new initiatives is based onpan> the conpan>sumptionpan> of vegetables anpan>d fruits rich in bioactive substanpan>ces. These substanpan>ces are able to express anpan>ticarcinogenpan>ic efpan> class="Chemical">fects and prevent various diseases and health disorders [20]. Consequently, the beneficial effects of bioactive substances on human health have been analysed in several studies [5],[21]. Moreover, the high consumption of these types of foods is recommended for a healthy diet. For example, berries provide significant health benefits owing to the high level of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants they contain [20]. In addition, berries are readily available and can be consumed in a wide range of forms, such as fresh or frozen, and can be found in food products like jam and yogurt [22]. On the other hand, horticultural crops provide humans with a large variety of indispensable vitamins, such as A and C, and elements such as potassium [23]. According to Ramsay et al. [24], consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to overall diet quality.

This review fon class="Chemical">cuses onpan> improved crop quality after the applicationpan> of plant probiotic bacteria as enpan>hancers of the nutritionpan>al value of fruits and hortin class="Chemical">cultural crops.

Impact of Bacterial Probiotics on Plant Nutrient Content

Vitamins are among the nutrients required for many physiological functions essential to lin class="Chemical">fe. Despite being presenpan>ted in minute amounts onpan> food, vitamins prevenpan>t specific pan> class="Disease">deficiency syndromes which can affect people when there is an absence or a reduction of their contents [25]. Moreover, vitamin deficiency in humans can produce several diseases such as ocular surface abnormalities [26] or neurodegenerative problems [27]. Due to the importance of vitamins, one of the proposals presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) is to improve the content of essential vitamins in food in order to decrease worldwide malnutrition [28]. Therefore, scientists are searching for different ways to increase the total content of these types of substances in crops. Here, some of the studies in which bacterial plant probiotic inoculation has been used to increase the vitamin content of fruits and horticultural crops (Table 1) are presented.

Table 1.

Plant probiotic bacteria used to enhance the quality of fruit and horticultural crops.

Bacterial strain	Fruit or horticultural crop	Crop effects caused	Reference
Phyllobacterium sp. PEPV15	Fragraria x ananassa	Enhancement of vitamin C	[5]
Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3	Fragraria x ananassa	Enhancement of vitamin C	[30]
Paenibacillus polymyxa	Fragraria x ananassa	Enhancement of vitamin C	[31]
Pseudomonas sp. 19Fv1T	Lycopersicon esculentum	Enhancement of vitamin C	[32]
Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	Lycopersicon esculentum	Enhancement of vitamin C	[33]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB2 and B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42	Lycopersicon esculentum	Enhancement of vitamin C	[34]
Pseudomonas sp. 5Vm1K and AMF	Fragaria × ananassa	Enhancement of vitamin B and C	[36]
Pseudomonas putida 41, Azotobacter chroococcum5, Azospirillum lipoferum OF and AMF	Lycopersicon esculentum	Increased antioxidant activity	[52]
Bacillus licheniformis	Lycopersicon esculentum	Improved total flavonoids content	[14]
Pseudomonas putida 41, Azotobacterchroococcum5, Azospirillum lipoferum OF	Ocimum basilicum	Increased antioxidant activity	[42]
Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus lentus and Azospirillum brasilens.	Ocimum basilicum	Increased antioxidant activity and chlorophyll leaf content	[43]
Rhizobium leguminosarum PETP01	Capsicum annuum	Increased antioxidant activity	[44]
Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4	Rubus sp.	Increased flavonoids concentration	[13]
Rhizobium sp. PEPV12	Spinacia oleracea.	Increase chlorophyll content	[9]
Paenibacillus polymyxa RC14	Brassica oleracea var capitata cv Yalova 1.	N, P, K, S, Fe, and Cu content increase	[12]
Bacillus subtilis BA-142, Bacillus megaeorium- GC subgroup A. MFD-2, Acinetobacter baumannii CD-1 and Pantoea agglomerans FF	Lycopersicon esculentum L. and Cucumis sativus L.	N, P, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn content increase in both fruit	[114]
Bacillus subtilis EY2, Bacillus atrophaeus EY6, Bacillus spharicus GC subgroup B EY30, Staphylococcus kloosii EY37, and Kocuriaerythromyxa EY43	Fragaria x ananassa.	N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu and Fe	[115]
Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium sp.	Origanum majorana	Increase the amount of essentials oils	[65]
Bacillus megaterium, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus subtilis	Brassica oleracea	Increase chlorophyll plant content	[116]
Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4	Rubus sp. var Lochness	Increase and stabilize total flavonoid content during different season	[79]

n class="Chemical">Vitamin C is the vitamin with the highest recommenpan>ded daily dose anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is derived from L-threo-hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone. Some mammals cannot synthesize AsA due to the lack of functionality of the gene that encodes the enzyme which catalyses its biosynthesis [29]. The results obtained by Flores-Félix et al. [5] showed that vitamin C levels were significantly higher (79% compare to the control) in strawberries obtained from plants inoculated with the strain Phyllobacterium sp. PEPV15. Moreover, Pirlak et al. [30] compare the results obtained, depending on the type of inoculation, and report that the highest levels of vitamin C in strawberry were obtained by applying root and foliar application in comparison with the uninoculated treatment were higher. The strains used in these experiments were Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3. Erturk et al. [31] also showed high levels of vitamin C content in strawberry fruits after plants were inoculated with Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05.

Increased levels of n class="Chemical">vitamin C after bacterial treatmenpan>t have also beenpan> described for vegetables. For instanpan>ce, Bonpan>a et al. [30] shows that inopan> class="Chemical">culation with the strain Pseudomonas sp. 19Fv1T not only enhances yield but also positively affects the concentration of vitamin C in tomato fruits in comparison with the control treatment. Additionally, Shen et al. [33] shows that vermicompost combined with plant probiotic Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens also increases tomato yield and vitamin C contents. According to Gül et al. [34], the highest levels of vitamin C content in tomato fruits were obtained after the inoculation of two bacterial strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FZB2 and FZB42) in different treatments.

Berry crops are regarded as a good source of vitamins in addition to their anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties [22],[35]. In this sense, Bona et al. [36] analyses the improvement of n class="Chemical">vitamin B9 anpan>d pan> class="Chemical">vitamin C content in strawberry fruits after the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different strains of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). They showed significant differences in ascorbic acid levels compared to the control after the inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. 5Vm1K, a mixture of AMF, and a co-inoculation formed by AMF and Pseudomonas sp. 5Vm1K. However, the vitamin B9 content was only significant higher after double co-inoculation with AMF and PGPB.

Moreover, in the literature it is known that some vitamins also have antioxidants efn class="Chemical">fects, being substanpan>ces that interpan> class="Chemical">fere with normal oxidation processes, such as oxygen scavengers, promoting a more favourable anaerobic environment [37]. Thus, plant antioxidants are one of the most active food compounds [38] and are present in vegetables like tomato, carrot, cabbage, red beets and fruits as cocoa, prunes, red grapes and citrus fruits [39]. These substances can be classified into two different groups according to their mode of action: chemical substances which interrupt free radical chain propagation, and oxygen scavengers and chelators which bind to ions involved in the formation of free radicals [39].

Here, we present some of the studies published on fruit and horticultural crops that have shown a significant increase in antioxidant activity after being inoculated with plant probiotic bacteria (Table 1).

n class="Species">Tomato, onpan>e of the most pan> class="Chemical">cultivate vegetables in the world, is among the vegetables and horticultural used in these types of studies [40]. Moreover, tomatoes are regarded as an excellent source of antioxidant compounds [32],[41]. Ochoa-Velasco et al. [14] compared the different levels of total antioxidant content in tomato fruits after biofertilization with Bacillus licheniformis and different doses of a nitrogen fertilizer. In general terms, they describe an improvement in the quality of tomato fruits with respect to total hydrophilic antioxidant compounds (vitamin C and total phenols) after inoculation with B. licheniformes and the reduction of the nitrogen doses.

The bacterial efn class="Chemical">fects onpan> anpan>tioxidanpan>t activity have also beenpan> anpan>alysed in pan> class="Species">basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). This medicinal plant is used worldwide in cooking, and its antioxidant activity has been investigated after different treatments. The inoculation of basil with a mixture of Pseudomonas putida 41, Azotobacter chroococcum 5, Azospirillum lipoferum OF strains presented the highest level of antioxidant activity [42] as compared to the control treatment. In addition, another study involving basil reported that, under water stress, inoculation with three bacterial species (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus lentus and Azospirillum brasilens) also increased antioxidant activity (Catalase and guaiacol peroxidise activity), as well as a significant change in leaf chlorophyll content [43].

Peppers (n class="Species">Capsicum annuum L.) are also conpan>sidered as anpan> excellenpan>t dietary source of anpan>tioxidanpan>t compounds, in additionpan> to being anpan> econpan>omically importanpan>t agripan> class="Chemical">cultural crop. In the study published by Silva et al. [44], pepper extracts were tested against 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy, superoxide (O2 •−), and nitric oxide (• NO) radicals. The results showed a significant difference between the extract from the fruits of inoculated plants and the extracts from uninoculated plants. Also, higher antioxidant activity was found in peppers from plants inoculated with the strain Rhizobium leguminosarum PETP01.

Antioxidant activity has also been analysed in fruits. And, strawberries have been found to be a good source of antioxidants. The n class="Chemical">anthocyanin conpan>tenpan>t is in part responpan>sible for the anpan>tioxidanpan>t power in berries [45]. Lingua et al. [46] reported that the co-inopan> class="Chemical">culation of plant growth promoting bacterial strains and mycorrhizal fungi on strawberry plants produced the best levels of anthocyanin content in strawberries.

Carotenoids are natural pigmenpan>ts which belonpan>g to the seconpan>d group of antioxidants. They are involved in indispenpan>sable roles in photoprotectionpan>, stress and photosynpan>thesis, in additionpan> to acting as precursors of vitamin A [47],[48]. Some carotenoids compounds have been reported to prevent humans from developing certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases. These compounds also protect plants against photooxidative damage and contribute to maintaining the plants overall structure.

n class="Chemical">Lycopene is a pan> class="Chemical">red carotenoid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, such as β-carotene [49], and is an effective free radical scavenger. Also, its presence in the human diet is correlated with a reduction in the incidence of cancer [3],[50]. Lycopene is involved in the reddening of the tomato due to its function in the differentiation of chloroplasts and chromoplasts. In addition, lycopene is important in the final nutritional quality of this plant product [51]. With regard to the importance of carotenoids, during the past years scientists have being analyzing the way to improve their contents in crops by using fertilizers based on bacterial plant probiotics. Ordookhani et al. [52] concluded that the inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas putida 41, Azotobacter chroococcum 5, Azospirillum lipoferum OF and a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus lipoferum, Glomus mossea and Glomus etunicatum) increased lycopene antioxidant levels. Moreover a positive correlation between lycopene and fruit potassium content was found in tomato plants after inoculation.

In order to increase crop yield, ln class="Chemical">arge amounts of N anpan>d P are required anpan>d excessive amounts are applied to the span> class="Chemical">oil, causing significant environmental pollution as a result of nitrate leaching [53]. To reduce these adverse effects, PGPR bacteria can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers as they can improve plant growth through plant nutrient uptake and thus improving crop production [54].

PGPRs have direct mechanisms such as nitrogen fixationpan>, phosphate solubilization, phytohormones production, among others, that facilitate the availability and absorption of nutrients [55],[56].

Plant growth promoting bacteria are used in numerous studies which also have such mechanisms as n class="Chemical">nitrogen fixing bacteria [57]. Conpan>sequenpan>tly, the increase of N conpan>tenpan>t may produce a greater uptake of nutrienpan>ts presenpan>t in the span> class="Chemical">oil by the plant and an increase of the plant nutrient element (PNE) contents, improving the quality of the crops [58].

Many studies use PGPR microorganisms to improve the quality of various crops by increasing the PNE content. For example, the increase in Ca content produces a more rigid peel when fruit is ripe. On the other hand, an increase in K content leads to an increase in the translocation of n class="Chemical">carbohydrates from the leaves to the fruit anpan>d, conpan>sequenpan>tly, a higher fruit volume is obtained [59]. Some studies have evaluated the nutritionpan>al conpan>tenpan>t of fruits anpan>d crops after inopan> class="Chemical">culation with PGPR bacteria.

Broccoli is a vegetable rich in dietary fiber, nutrients and several phytochemicals with proposed health-related properties [11]. Yildirim et al. [58] inoculated broccoli roots with the PGPR bacteria (pan> class="Species">Bacillus cereus, Brevibacillus reuszeri and Rhizobium rubi) to evaluate if they had any additional effect on crop growth and nutrient uptake. The results obtained from the inoculated plants showed an increase in chlorophyll, N, K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents. In addition, crop yield increased by 17.0%, 20.2% and 24.3% and the chlorophyll content by 14.7%, 14.0% and 13.7% in treatments inoculated with Bacillus cereus, Rhizobium rubi and Brevibacillus reuszeri, respectively.

As mentioned above, n class="Species">tomato fruit is onpan>e of the most conpan>sumed vegetables in the world, either fresh or processed [60]. Sharafzadeh [61] performed a greenpan>house test, inopan> class="Chemical">culating tomato plants with different combinations of PGPRs such as Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azosprillum. The result obtained from 5 out of the 7 inoculated treatments showed an increase in the nutrient content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg.

Vayssières et al. [62] obtained similar yields of n class="Species">banana crops in two experimenpan>ts: a treatmenpan>t with a pan> class="Chemical">nitrogen fertilizer (100%) and another treatment involving inoculation with PGPB and lower nitrogen fertilizer conditions (33%). The results showed that the inoculations with Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Bacillus sphericus UPMB10 improved fruit yield and fruit quality under the reduced fertilizer conditions. The nutrients which were shown to be increased in the treatments with the PGPB were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Thus, it was concluded that these strains could be used as biofertilizers to improve banana production and quality.

Effects of Plant Probiotics Bacteria on Flavonoids, Organic Acids and Volatile Compounds Levels

Plants usually produce organic compounds as root exudates. These compounds are usually metabolites from difn class="Chemical">ferenpan>t metabolic routes such as pan> class="Chemical">flavonoids, organic acids, sterols and volatile compounds [63]. They have diverse functions in plants like providing protection against pathogens [64]–[67] or abiotic stresses [68], as well as increasing the nutrient content of plants [69] and therefore their quality. The concentration of these metabolites in plant tissues varies depending on their biosynthesis, storage and degradation processes [63]. Furthermore, some of these compounds can be beneficial to human health when consumed in large quantities, thus they are important not only for the food industry but also for pharmaceutics companies [70].

n class="Chemical">Flavonoids are the largest group of phenolic compounds that are abundantly present in plants, and are one of the major groups of plant secondary metabolites [71]. They are considered as having a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological properties. Recently, the analysis of flavonoid content in plants has received considerable attention due to fact that these substances possess biological properties, such as chemoprevention [72], and its role in the protection against diseases [73],[74]. In addition, they are known to present antifungical, antibacterial and antiviral effects [75]. Considering all of the beneficial effects of flavonoids on human health, several research projects have been mentioned in the literature where scientists attempt to enhance flavonoid content by bacterial inoculation of crops with special economic interest.

Since fruits are regarded as a good source of n class="Chemical">flavonoids, Basu anpan>d Maier [76] anpan>alysed the pan> class="Chemical">flavonoid content in different species of berries crops, showing that all of their antioxidant activity had the potential to improve human health. Blackberry is an important type of berry, which provides beneficial health effects [77]. García-Seco et al. [78] shows that the inoculation of blackberry plants with the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4 improves flavonoid content by 22%, as compared to the control treatment, during a specific period of the year (from July through October). Taking these results into account, Ramos-Solano et al. [79] analysed the effect of the bacterial probiotic inoculation on plant quality throughout the year and reports that the strain N21.4 tends to increase and stabilize total flavonoid content in blackberry crops, even when environmental conditions are adverse. Moreover, García-Seco et al. [13] reported that the blackberry root treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4 not only increased the expression of flavonoids biosynthetic genes, but also flavonoid concentration in fruits. In the research published by Ghorbanpour et al. [80], several Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were also analysed with the intention of determining their role on plant growth and flavonoids production in other type of crops. They showed that the inoculation with the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens Ap14 induced a significantly higher flavonoid content in comparison with the uninoculated control treatment. Apart from enhancing the berries overall quality, bacterial probiotics have been reported to delay fungal growth [81].

Beneficial efn class="Chemical">fects in hortipan> class="Chemical">cultural crops have also been shown. Silva et al. [44] showed that aqueous extracts of Capsicum annuum leaves, after the bacterial inoculation with the rhizobium strain TVP08, presented a significant acetylcholinesterease (AchE) inhibitory activity (with an important relevance in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease). This result could be explained by the presence of flavonoids.

Moreover, improved total n class="Chemical">flavonoid conpan>tenpan>t has beenpan> described in fruit anpan>d hortipan> class="Chemical">cultural species, and also in other types of crops such as buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Singh et al. [82] showed that buckwheat inoculated with Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. produces increased concentrations of flavonoid and phenolic contents.

Organic acids play an important role in plant responpan>ses to nutrienpan>t stress, and their conpan>tenpan>t in plants depenpan>ds of their nutritionpan>al status [83]. Organic acids (glutamic, tartaric, quinic, malonic, malic, shikimic, a-ketoglutaric, pyruvic, citric, succinic and fumaric acids) are widely distributed in fruits (melon, grape, peach, orange, lemon) and vegetables (green and red pepper, tomato, lettuce and lamb's lettuce) and influence the nutritional state, quality food and organoleptic properties like aroma, color and flavor [69].

Typically, roots exudates contain many n class="Chemical">organic acids such as pan> class="Chemical">acetate, malate, aconitate, lactate, fumarate, isocitrate, oxalate, citrate and succinate. These compounds are the primary anion components and make up a complex mixture of metal cations in solution; this in turn allows for the displacement of anions from the soil matrix and the mobilization of micronutrients like Zn and Cu into the rhizosphere [84].

Citrate and malate are involved in nutrient acquisition, and form potent complexes with Fe in soil and induce the dissolution of unavailable insoluble ferric oxyhydroxides. Moreover, they are the primary components released into the rhizosphere under P deficiency [84]. It has been shown that some PGPR can promote plant growth by capturing nutrients, since these bacteria produce an increase of organic acids in the roots of plants. For example, in strawberry crops the application of Bacillus and Pseudomonas strains produce an increase in plant biomass and nutrient content by the production of organic acids from bacteria [85], and in the same way in raspberry by the application of Bacillus [86], and in tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper by the application of Pseudomonas [87].

n class="Chemical">Fatty acids are amonpan>g the organpan>ic compounds produced by root exudates anpan>d these compounds are mainly used for enpan>ergy storage [88]. Some of them are not produced by the pan> class="Species">human body and must be introduced into the diet by eating vegetables (potato, cabbages, wheal and chive) and fruits (lemon, strawberry and orange) [89]. The importance of consuming these compounds is based on their biological properties which has been shown to have positive effects against cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and triglyceride levels. Cucurbit, strawberry and tomato are a good source of bioactive compounds and have an excellent nutritional composition, containing fatty acids among other compounds with antioxidants effects [90]. Some plant oils commonly used for human consumption have unsaturated fatty acids like linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid and saturated ones such us palmitic and stearic [88],[91]. Also, pumpkin seed oil has high nutritional value due to containing fatty acids like oleic, linolenid, palmitic and stearic. The application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus lentus) and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp.) in pumpkin plants has been lead to an increase in oil, seed and fruit yield, especially the fatty acid content [92].

On the other hand, plants n class="Chemical">sterols are essenpan>tial bioactive componpan>enpan>ts of cell membranpan>es which are presenpan>t in high conpan>cenpan>trationpan>s in vegetable pan> class="Chemical">oils [93]. Furthermore, the presence of these organic compounds in plants is related to protective effects against abiotic stresses [68]. These organic compounds are usually released in plant root exudates; the most abundant are campestrol, stigmasterol and sitoesterol and are found in the fruits and vegetables that make up the human diet [94]. The consumption of plants sterols may have some health benefits, like reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and protecting against different types of cancer [91]. It has been reported in the literature that the application of PGPR can produce an increment in the levels of sterols in plants. Silva et al. [95] inoculated two strains of Rhizobium (TVP08 and PEPT01) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L) and evaluated their effect on sterols. The inoculation of Rhizobium produced a positive effect on the ripening of the pepper fruit, in addition to an improvement in several primary and secondary metabolites, which improved the nutritional value of the plant.

Other organic substances which are common components of plants are volatile compounds. These can be found in small amounts in plants and are related to flowers, fruits, leaves, roots and vegetative tissues [96]. These compounds can act as a plant den class="Chemical">fense responpan>se against pathogenpan>s anpan>d predators [66]. Planpan>ts have conpan>trol mechanpan>isms that regulate the substanpan>ces anpan>d the momenpan>t of the volatiles compounds synthesis. Their productionpan> canpan> be influenpan>ced by the interactionpan> with enpan>vpan> class="Chemical">ironmental microorganisms [96]. The application of rhizobacteria that promote plant growth can trigger an increase in the amount of volatile compounds, improving their qualities for the biological control of diseases [67]. In this respect, it has been shown that Bacillus [67],[97],[98] and Pseudomonas strains [90] can produce the inhibition of plant pathogens by the increment of volatile organic compounds in plants.

n class="Chemical">Essential oils are amonpan>g the group of volatile compounds anpan>d are intenpan>sely aromatic compounds biosynthesized by planpan>ts [99]. It is known that span> class="Chemical">oil microorganisms can modify the secondary metabolic routes of plants, influencing the synthesis of essential oils that are of great importance for the food and pharmaceutical industries [46]. The most volatile compounds contained in Origanum majorana L. are essential oils and have an important economic interest because of their use as flavoring, fragrances, fungicides and insecticides. Some authors have determined the effects of root colonization by PGPRs on the composition and amount of essential oils in different crops, and the inoculation of Origanum majorana with P. fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium sp. [65] and the inoculation of peppermint (Mentha piperita) with P. fluorescens [100] produces an increase in the total essential oil content without modifying its composition.

Additionally, the production of antimicrobial compounds by plant probiotic bacteria should be highlighted. Many studies have reported that some PGPR strains are also able to produce these types of molen class="Chemical">cules, which have beenpan> shown to be efpan> class="Chemical">fective against pest and pathogens and effective as biocontrol agents [101]. According to Zhen et al. [102], several Bacillus strains have an important effect on suppressing pathogens and promoting plant growth due to antagonistic relationships and the enhancement of the host's nutritional content and growth [103]. Antibiosis processes and an induction of systematic resistance (ISR) have also been reported to have effects on plant health [104]. The production of several organic acids, such as citric and ascorbic, which are strong antimicrobial agents, has been reported to be efficient at fighting against pathogens in vegetables and fruits due to a reduction in pH and anion accumulation [64]. Therefore, based on their mode of action and effects, many strains can also be used as biocontrol agents, which greatly enhance food quality and growth [102].

Situation, Characteristics and Problems Concerning the Current Commercialization of Plant Probiotic Bacterial Products

In addition to the many bacterial inoculants that have already beenpan> used to treat legume crops, the number of commercial products for other types of crops is increasing every year [1]. However the developmenpan>t and commercializationpan> of new inoculants and formulas require governmental approval and must fulfill several requirements that are not always general and well established. Moreover, they depend on where the new product is registered [105].

In spite of being a worldwide process, one that is increasing year by year, there are no specific standards established for the creation and development of green products that can be used to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers used, according to the new politics initiatives anpan>d programs (e.g. HORIZON 2020) [1]. Thus, the laws vary amonpan>g countries anpan>d to date there is no internationpan>al agreemenpan>t regarding the quality conpan>trol of biopan> class="Chemical">fertilizers [105]. Many countries have developed governmental policies for the use of biofertilizers, however, specifications to regulate such new products have not yet been established [3]. In this context, collaborations between researchers and industries are a key factor for establishing the basis of a worldwide biofertilizer market [1].

Suitable inoculanpan>ts should be sapan> class="Chemical">fe and nontoxic for environment and humans [106],[107],[108]. Herrmann et al. [109] shows that 64% of the commercial biofertilizers analyzed contained one or several contaminant strains, as well as human pathogens. Findings such as these highlight the need for better quality control of the inoculants that make up biofertilizers.

Moreover, in spite of the successful results so far achieved in the numerous studies involving plant growth promotion under controlled laboratories and greenhouses conditions, there have been variations within the results obtained in field trails. These difn class="Chemical">ferenpan>ces canpan> be explained by the abiotic anpan>d biotic conpan>ditionpan>s that canpan> influenpan>ce bacteria in the span> class="Chemical">oil, as quite often bacterial inoculants are unable to survive in some specific niches [110]. Thus, according to Quin et al. [16] microbial plant communities fluctuate and depend on the state of the surrounding ecosystem.

Inoculanpan>t formulas should include the most efpan> class="Chemical">fective plant growth promoting bacterial strains [111] and be designed to provide a high number of viable cells. Also, the presence of these strains should not become rapidly diminished [108]. The bacteria need to be able to survive in a broad spectrum of conditions, since crops are grown under a multiplicity of environmental and difficult conditions [107]. Thus, over the years, researchers have been working to develop new bacterial products active in a wide variety of weather conditions that can cause a difference in the benefits provided by the bacterial inoculants [112]. In this sense, according to Lesueur et al. [108], there are four types of products depending on the carrier material used: granules, liquids, slurries and powders. Herrmann and Lesueur [113] established the importance of a suitable carrier as a key factor to ensure bacterial protection against environmental conditions, microorganism survival and their establishment and action after the inoculation of crops.

n class="Chemical">Nowadays, despite all of the requiremenpan>ts anpan>d specificationpan>s, a large variety of bacterial inoculants, based on plant probiotic bacteria that enhances the quality of fruit and horticultural crops, are commercialized worldwide. This part of the review focuses on presenting some of the best known companies or sold products (Table 2). Nevertheless, the effects on food quality by the majority of commercialized bacterial products on sale today are not detailed or analyzed yet.

Table 2.

Commercial quality enhancing products used on fruit and horticultural crops.

Product	Company	Crop type	Effect caused
Pseudo-Guard Bio Fungicide ®	BioFix	Horticultural crops	Enhanced food quality
Ajay Azospirillum®	Ajay Bio-tech	Vegetables, cash and fruit crops	Enhanced chlorophyll content and enhanced vitamin, auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin production
Ajay Azo®	Ajay Bio-tech	Vegetable and horticulture crops	Enhanced auxin production
Ajay Meal®	Ajay Bio-tech	Fruit crops and vegetables	Enhanced overall quality
Inogro®	Flozyme corporation	Horticultural crops	Enhanced plant nutritional content
Azotobacter Culture®	Guajart State Fertilizers & Chemicals LTD	Banana, cash and horticultural crops	Enhanced plant nutritional content
Azospirillum Culture ®	Guajart State Fertilizers & Chemicals LTD	Banana, cash and horticultural crops	Enhance nutritional plant content
Prabha Zinc®	Prabhat Fertilizer & Chemical Works	Horticultural crops	Enhanced zinc content
Bonasol®	Abiosa	Tomato, pepper and chilli crops	Enhanced plant nutritional content
EM-1 Microbial inoculants®	TeraGanix	All types of vegetables and trees	Improved product quality
Bio-Tilis™	Agrovergel	Horticultural crops	Enhanced crop quality

Due to the beneficial effects of fruit and vegetable crops onpan> human health, the company “Guajart State Fertilizers & Chemical LTD” commercializes Azotobacter and Azospirillum culture®, a mixture of bacterial strains, to enhance the nutrient plant content in cash and horticultural crops.

Among the bion class="Chemical">fertilizers, useful for the productionpan> of hortipan> class="Chemical">cultural crops such as tomatoes, Inogro® is produced and commercialized by the company “Flozyme Corporation” (USA). Inogro® is a mix of more than 30 bacterial species that not only enhance plant growth promotion and crop production, but also improves plant nutrient content.

One of the best results found in the improvement of n class="Species">tomato anpan>d pepper yields is achieved using Bonpan>asol®, sold anpan>d produced by the companpan>y “Abiosa”. This product is based onpan> a mixture of bacterial anpan>d arbuspan> class="Chemical">cular mycorrhizal fungi. Bonasol® improves phosphorus and potassium availability to the plants and enhances the plants' final nutritional state.

India is one of the countries whose government is making a ln class="Chemical">arge effort to try to increase the applicationpan> of biopan> class="Chemical">fertilizers in their current farming system, and this has led to the development of companies such as Ajay Bio-tech (India) LDT. The company “Ajay Bio-tech (India) LTD” is one of the most important in India [105], and offers different quality enhancing products (Ajay Azo®, Ajay Azospirillum® and Ajay Meal®) used on many fruit and horticultural crops. These products are based on nitrogen-fixing or phosphate, and potassium-solubilising bacteria single or combined. Many of these strains enhance the uptake of indispensable nutrients by the plant, and overall plant nutrient content.

Thus, it is very important that the use of biofertilizers and the changes in traditionpan>al farming systems are approved by farmers worldwide. This is a key step for enpan>couraging the commercializationpan> and productionpan> of greenpan> products and will help to secure the foundations of a solid biofertilizer market [105].

Conclusions and Future Research Perspectives

Unlike chemical fertilizers, the applicationpan> of planpan>t probiotic bacteria as greenpan> products in the field enpan>hanpan>ces the nutritionpan>al quality of fruits anpan>d vegetables. Therefore, the reduced use of chemical pan> class="Chemical">fertilizers in favor of products based on probiotic bacteria is a good alternative, not only to reduce the overuse of chemical fertilizer but also to ensure food quality. It has been reported on many occasions how the application of green products enhances crop production, reduces pathogen and pest attacks and increases plant nutrient content. However, to improve the use of biofertilizers many changes need to be made. This includes establishing more effective quality control systems that ensure commercial products are safely made and with nontoxic bacteria. As regards green products need to be designed using suitable carriers that allow these products to be successful in a broad spectrum of environmental conditions.

In this review, we have described several cases of plant probiotic bacteria that when used as biofertilizers act to promoter planpan>t growth, produce increases in yield anpan>d improve some parameters associated with food quality. According to some recenpan>t studies, bacterial planpan>t probiotics are able to establish a relationpan>ship with fruit anpan>d hortipan> class="Chemical">cultural crops and as a result of this interaction some plant compounds, which are beneficial to human health, have an increased production. On one hand, as outlined above, the market for bacterial fertilizers is continuously growing, but the effects of these commercialized bacteria on food quality parameters are not detailed. Therefore, more studies on the effect of improved food quality caused by different types of bacteria are necessary. This would allow for the better selection of plant probiotic bacteria with potential applications in agricultural practices orientated toward the production of high quality fruits and vegetables.

On the other hand, it has been reported how the application of plant probiotic bacteria improve the quality of fruit and vegetables by increasing vitamins, n class="Chemical">flavonoids anpan>d anpan>tioxidanpan>ts conpan>tenpan>t, amonpan>g other benpan>efits. However, there are other functionpan>al food compounds that canpan> also be potenpan>tially improved by bacterial inopan> class="Chemical">culants. In the future, new research approaches such as metabolomic studies, comparing fruits and vegetables grown with and without the application of plant probiotic bacteria, may reveal additional beneficial effects on the quality of food crops from the applications of these types of bacteria.