Luke S Heuer1, Lisa A Croen2, Karen L Jones1, Cathleen K Yoshida2, Robin L Hansen3, Robert Yolken4, Ousseny Zerbo2, Gerald DeLorenze2, Martin Kharrazi5, Paul Ashwood6, Judy Van de Water7. 1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. 2. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California. 3. MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. 4. Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 5. Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California. 6. MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. 7. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. Electronic address: javandewater@ucdavis.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The identification of an early biomarker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) would improve the determination of risk, leading to earlier diagnosis and, potentially, earlier intervention and improved outcomes. METHODS: Data were generated from the Early Markers for Autism study, a population-based case-control study of prenatal and neonatal biomarkers of ASD. Newborn bloodspots of children with ASD (n = 370), children with developmental delay (n = 140), and general population (GP) controls (n = 378) were analyzed for 42 different immune markers using a Luminex multiplex platform. Comparisons of immune marker concentrations between groups were examined using logistic regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Children with ASD had significantly increased neonatal levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 compared with GP controls. An increase in IL-8 was especially significant in the ASD group with early onset compared with the GP group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-2.83; p = .00014). In addition, children with ASD had significantly elevated levels of eotaxin-1, interferon-γ, and IL-12p70 relative to children with developmental delay. We observed no significant differences in levels of immune markers between the developmental delay and GP groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of some inflammatory markers in newborn bloodspots indicated a higher degree of immune activation at birth in children who were subsequently diagnosed with ASD. The data from this exploratory study suggest that with further expansion, the development of neonatal bloodspot testing for cytokine/chemokine levels might lead to the identification of biomarkers that provide an accurate assessment of ASD risk at birth.
BACKGROUND: The identification of an early biomarker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) would improve the determination of risk, leading to earlier diagnosis and, potentially, earlier intervention and improved outcomes. METHODS: Data were generated from the Early Markers for Autism study, a population-based case-control study of prenatal and neonatal biomarkers of ASD. Newborn bloodspots of children with ASD (n = 370), children with developmental delay (n = 140), and general population (GP) controls (n = 378) were analyzed for 42 different immune markers using a Luminex multiplex platform. Comparisons of immune marker concentrations between groups were examined using logistic regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS:Children with ASD had significantly increased neonatal levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 compared with GP controls. An increase in IL-8 was especially significant in the ASD group with early onset compared with the GP group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-2.83; p = .00014). In addition, children with ASD had significantly elevated levels of eotaxin-1, interferon-γ, and IL-12p70 relative to children with developmental delay. We observed no significant differences in levels of immune markers between the developmental delay and GP groups. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of some inflammatory markers in newborn bloodspots indicated a higher degree of immune activation at birth in children who were subsequently diagnosed with ASD. The data from this exploratory study suggest that with further expansion, the development of neonatal bloodspot testing for cytokine/chemokine levels might lead to the identification of biomarkers that provide an accurate assessment of ASD risk at birth.
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