Rashed Ghandour1, Caleb Ashbrook1, Yuval Freifeld1, Nirmish Singla1, Jose M El-Asmar2, Yair Lotan1, Vitaly Margulis1, Scott Eggener3, Solomon Woldu1, Aditya Bagrodia4. 1. Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. 2. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. 3. Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 4. Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Electronic address: aditya.bagrodia@utsouthwestern.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Management strategies for advanced testicular cancer published from a few, high-volume clinical centers may not be generalizable. OBJECTIVE: To discern treatment patterns for stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) in a nationwide cancer registry. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with a stage II NSGCT from 2004 to 2014. Patients were stratified by clinical nodal status: cN1/stage IIA, cN2/stage IIB, and cN3/stage IIIC. OUTCOMES MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was performed to determine factors independently associated with primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), primary chemotherapy, and postchemotherapy RPLND (PC-RPLND). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 2203 patients (stages IIA, n=1060; IIB, n=869; and IIC, n=274) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 83% of patients underwent primary chemotherapy, while 17% underwent primary RPLND. Stratified by stage, use of primary chemotherapy was 78%, 88%, and 86% for stages IIA, IIB, and IIC, respectively. Overall, 24% of patients underwent PC-RPLND. Factors independently associated with a lower likelihood of undergoing primary RPLND were a more recent diagnosis and a higher clinical nodal stage. Conversely, patients treated at high-volume facilities were more likely to receive primary RPLND. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of undergoing PC-RPLND included a higher clinical nodal stage, treatment at a high-volume center, and a greater distance of patient travel. Associations based on serum tumor markers could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS: For clinical stage II NSGCT, nationwide utilization of primary chemotherapy is increasing compared with RPLND and is the preferred therapy for more advanced nodal disease. Primary RPLND may be underutilized in stage IIA disease. Utilization of PC-RPLND is driven by nodal stage as well as accessibility of a high-volume center. PATIENT SUMMARY: The use of primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in early nodal disease is declining, while upfront chemotherapy is increasingly utilized. Primary RPLND may identify patients who are actually pN0 and would not benefit from systemic chemotherapy. Primary RPLND and postchemotherapy RPLND are performed more frequently at centers of excellence.
BACKGROUND: Management strategies for advanced testicular cancer published from a few, high-volume clinical centers may not be generalizable. OBJECTIVE: To discern treatment patterns for stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) in a nationwide cancer registry. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with a stage II NSGCT from 2004 to 2014. Patients were stratified by clinical nodal status: cN1/stage IIA, cN2/stage IIB, and cN3/stage IIIC. OUTCOMES MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was performed to determine factors independently associated with primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), primary chemotherapy, and postchemotherapy RPLND (PC-RPLND). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 2203 patients (stages IIA, n=1060; IIB, n=869; and IIC, n=274) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 83% of patients underwent primary chemotherapy, while 17% underwent primary RPLND. Stratified by stage, use of primary chemotherapy was 78%, 88%, and 86% for stages IIA, IIB, and IIC, respectively. Overall, 24% of patients underwent PC-RPLND. Factors independently associated with a lower likelihood of undergoing primary RPLND were a more recent diagnosis and a higher clinical nodal stage. Conversely, patients treated at high-volume facilities were more likely to receive primary RPLND. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of undergoing PC-RPLND included a higher clinical nodal stage, treatment at a high-volume center, and a greater distance of patient travel. Associations based on serum tumor markers could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS: For clinical stage II NSGCT, nationwide utilization of primary chemotherapy is increasing compared with RPLND and is the preferred therapy for more advanced nodal disease. Primary RPLND may be underutilized in stage IIA disease. Utilization of PC-RPLND is driven by nodal stage as well as accessibility of a high-volume center. PATIENT SUMMARY: The use of primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in early nodal disease is declining, while upfront chemotherapy is increasingly utilized. Primary RPLND may identify patients who are actually pN0 and would not benefit from systemic chemotherapy. Primary RPLND and postchemotherapy RPLND are performed more frequently at centers of excellence.