Chronic impact of an accidental wastewater spill from a smelter, China: A study of health risk of heavy metal(loid)s via vegetable intake.

Chronic impact will last from a sudden pollution accident, however, potential adverse effects of heavy metal(loid)s are overlooked when pollution decreased during years of equilibration. Here, we assessed the potential health risks of heavy metal(loid)s via intake of vegetables from fields affected by the smelting wastewater spill eight years later, basing on site-specific target hazard quotient (STHQ) and cancer risk (SCR) models. Results showed kohlrabi, lettuce and garlic had significant high concentrations of Sb (10.4 mg kg-1), Pb (21.0 mg kg-1), Cd (6.49 mg kg-1), and Zn (441 mg kg-1), and sweet potato and garlic enriched high levels of As (19.6 mg kg-1) and Cu (14.1 mg kg-1), respectively. Transfer factors of metal(loid)s from soil to plants were enhanced by high soluble metal(loid) concentrations, and Sb, As, Pb and Cd in most edible tissues exceeded the contamination limitations for food in China and FAO/WHO. Chinese cabbage had significant high STHQ of As (adult 9.31 and child 19.8) and Sb (adult 0.76 and child 1.61) (p < 0.05), and the highest STHQ of Cd (adult 1.41 and child 3.02) was in lettuce, whereas the highest STHQ of other elements from vegetables were below 1. However, the non-carcinogenic risks based on total STHQ values of these vegetables were several times higher than the acceptable level of 1. In addition, the total SCR values at 5% were hundreds times of safety level of 5.0 × 10-5 set by International Commission on Radiological Protection. Considering food frequency and metal(loid) levels, long-term consumption of local vegetables, especially lettuce and Chinese cabbage, are likely to increase non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic (e.g. As and Cd) health risks. Child's health risk of toxic elements was far greater than adult. This study might serve as a case study of long-term adverse impact for other pollutant incidents. People should pay attention to human health through food chain, and the government should solve the outstanding environmental problems that harm the health of the masses.