Chrysanti Murad1, Eileen M Dunne2, Sunaryati Sudigdoadi1, Eddy Fadlyana3, Rodman Tarigan3, Casey L Pell4, Emma Watts4, Cattram D Nguyen2, Catherine Satzke5, Jason Hinds6, Mia Milanti Dewi3, Meita Dhamayanti3, Nanan Sekarwana3, Kusnandi Rusmil3, E Kim Mulholland7, Cissy Kartasasmita8. 1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. 2. Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. 3. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. 4. Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia. 5. Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia. 6. Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK; BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK. 7. Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. 8. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Electronic address: cbkarta@gmail.com.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae underpins disease development and transmission. This study was performed to examine pneumococcal carriage dynamics, including density and multiple serotype carriage, in Indonesian infants during the first year of life. METHODS: Two hundred healthy infants were enrolled at 2 months of age. Eight nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from enrolment until 12 months of age. Pneumococci were detected using quantitative PCR and serotyped by microarray. Regression models assessed factors influencing pneumococcal carriage and density. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of infants carried pneumococci at least once during the study. The median age at first acquisition was 129 days (interquartile range 41-216 days). The median duration of carriage was longer for the first pneumococcal acquisition compared with subsequent acquisitions (151 days vs. 95 days, p<0.0001). Of the 166 infants who carried pneumococci during the study, the majority (63.9%) carried a single pneumococcal serotype at a time. Pneumococcal carriage density was higher when upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were present, lower during antibiotic usage, decreased with age, and tended to decrease over time during a carriage episode. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Indonesian infants carry pneumococcus at least once during the first year of life. Pneumococcal carriage is a dynamic process, with pneumococcal density varying during a carriage episode.
OBJECTIVES: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae underpins disease development and transmission. This study was performed to examine pneumococcal carriage dynamics, including density and multiple serotype carriage, in Indonesian infants during the first year of life. METHODS: Two hundred healthy infants were enrolled at 2 months of age. Eight nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from enrolment until 12 months of age. Pneumococci were detected using quantitative PCR and serotyped by microarray. Regression models assessed factors influencing pneumococcal carriage and density. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of infants carried pneumococci at least once during the study. The median age at first acquisition was 129 days (interquartile range 41-216 days). The median duration of carriage was longer for the first pneumococcal acquisition compared with subsequent acquisitions (151 days vs. 95 days, p<0.0001). Of the 166 infants who carried pneumococci during the study, the majority (63.9%) carried a single pneumococcal serotype at a time. Pneumococcal carriage density was higher when upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were present, lower during antibiotic usage, decreased with age, and tended to decrease over time during a carriage episode. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Indonesian infants carry pneumococcus at least once during the first year of life. Pneumococcal carriage is a dynamic process, with pneumococcal density varying during a carriage episode.
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