A birth-death model of ageing: from individual-based dynamics to evolutive differential inclusions.

Ageing's sensitivity to natural selection has long been discussed because of its apparent negative effect on an individual's fitness. Thanks to the recently described (Smurf) 2-phase model of ageing (Tricoire and Rera in PLoS ONE 10(11):e0141920, 2015) we propose a fresh angle for modeling the evolution of ageing. Indeed, by coupling a dramatic loss of fertility with a high-risk of impending death-amongst other multiple so-called hallmarks of ageing-the Smurf phenotype allowed us to consider ageing as a couple of sharp transitions. The birth-death model (later called bd-model) we describe here is a simple life-history trait model where each asexual and haploid individual is described by its fertility period [Formula: see text] and survival period [Formula: see text]. We show that, thanks to the Lansing effect, the effect through which the "progeny of old parents do not live as long as those of young parents", [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] converge during evolution to configurations [Formula: see text] in finite time. To do so, we built an individual-based stochastic model which describes the age and trait distribution dynamics of such a finite population. Then we rigorously derive the adaptive dynamics models, which describe the trait dynamics at the evolutionary time-scale. We extend the Trait Substitution Sequence with age structure to take into account the Lansing effect. Finally, we study the limiting behaviour of this jump process when mutations are small. We show that the limiting behaviour is described by a differential inclusion whose solutions [Formula: see text] reach the diagonal [Formula: see text] in finite time and then remain on it. This differential inclusion is a natural way to extend the canonical equation of adaptive dynamics in order to take into account the lack of regularity of the invasion fitness function on the diagonal [Formula: see text].