Feasibility of Fully Automated Hypnosis, Analgesia, and Fluid Management Using 2 Independent Closed-Loop Systems During Major Vascular Surgery: A Pilot Study.

Automated titration of intravenous anesthesia and analgesia using processed electroencephalography monitoring is no longer a novel concept. Closed-loop control of fluid administration to provide goal-directed fluid therapy has also been increasingly described. However, simultaneously combining 2 independent closed-loop systems together in patients undergoing major vascular surgery has not been previously detailed. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the clinical performance of fully automated hypnosis, analgesia, and fluid management using 2 independent closed-loop controllers in patients undergoing major vascular surgery before implementation within a larger study evaluating true patient outcomes.