Stephanie L Arnold1, Andrew W Arnold1, Jacob H Sprano2, Robert W Arnold3. 1. Pacific Northwest University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Yakima, Washington, USA. 2. Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. 3. Alaska Blind Child Discovery Project, Alaska Children's EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, Alaska, USA. Electronic address: eyedoc@alaska.net.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Accurate estimation of refractive error and ocular alignment is critical for identifying amblyopia risk factors. The 2WIN photoscreener (Adaptica) uses a novel infrared-transmitting occluder wand to quickly estimate intermittent deviations. DESIGN: Reliability analysis. METHODS: 2WIN refraction was compared to dry and cycloplegic retinoscopy and Retinomax. 2WIN "CR" function with wand was compared to cover test. RESULTS: 371 patients aged 6 months to 63 years (median age 6 years) had refraction, and 2WIN yielded high degrees of correlation (Pearson product-moment) on linear regression for spherical equivalent (0.73-0.79), cylinder power (0.78-0.79), J0 vector (0.79-0.83), and J45 vector (0.64-0.67). Similar proportions of 2WIN and Retinomax were within target refraction values for spherical equivalent (70% [216/310] vs 69% [212/310]), cylinder power (94% [154/165] vs 90% [148/165]), and cylinder axis (69% [113/165] vs 71% [118/165]). 2WIN CR higher than 10 prism diopters (PD) correlated with cover test for constant and intermittent deviations (Pearson correlation 0.64-0.71). 2WIN + CR screened for 2003 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus amblyopia risk factors with 68% (965/96) sensitivity and 84% (70/83) specificity in preschool children with 53% (96/180) prescreening probability and 31% (55/177) developmental delays. CONCLUSION: The 2WIN correlated well with examination and Retinomax. The CR function reliably estimated constant and intermittent strabismus higher than 10 PD.
PURPOSE: Accurate estimation of refractive error and ocular alignment is critical for identifying amblyopia risk factors. The 2WIN photoscreener (Adaptica) uses a novel infrared-transmitting occluder wand to quickly estimate intermittent deviations. DESIGN: Reliability analysis. METHODS: 2WIN refraction was compared to dry and cycloplegic retinoscopy and Retinomax. 2WIN "CR" function with wand was compared to cover test. RESULTS: 371 patients aged 6 months to 63 years (median age 6 years) had refraction, and 2WIN yielded high degrees of correlation (Pearson product-moment) on linear regression for spherical equivalent (0.73-0.79), cylinder power (0.78-0.79), J0 vector (0.79-0.83), and J45 vector (0.64-0.67). Similar proportions of 2WIN and Retinomax were within target refraction values for spherical equivalent (70% [216/310] vs 69% [212/310]), cylinder power (94% [154/165] vs 90% [148/165]), and cylinder axis (69% [113/165] vs 71% [118/165]). 2WIN CR higher than 10 prism diopters (PD) correlated with cover test for constant and intermittent deviations (Pearson correlation 0.64-0.71). 2WIN + CR screened for 2003 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus amblyopia risk factors with 68% (965/96) sensitivity and 84% (70/83) specificity in preschool children with 53% (96/180) prescreening probability and 31% (55/177) developmental delays. CONCLUSION: The 2WIN correlated well with examination and Retinomax. The CR function reliably estimated constant and intermittent strabismus higher than 10 PD.
Authors: Robert W Arnold; Joshua S Beveridge; Samuel J Martin; Nathanael R Beveridge; Elise J Metzger; Kyle A Smith Journal: Clin Optom (Auckl) Date: 2021-01-20