Sepsis Biomarkers.

Sepsis-related biomarkers have a variety of potential applications. The most well-known application is to differentiate patients with signs of systemic inflammation caused by infection, from those with systemic inflammation due to a non-infectious cause. This application is important for timely and judicious prescription of antibiotics. Apart from diagnostic applications, biomarkers can also be used to identify patients with sepsis who are at risk for poor outcome and to subgroup patients with sepsis based on biological commonalities. The latter two applications embody the concepts of prognostic and predictive enrichment, which are fundamental to precision medicine. This review will elaborate on these concepts, provide relevant examples, and discuss important considerations in the process of biomarkers discovery and development.