Selective Maintenance of Multiple CRISPR Arrays Across Prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes are under nearly constant attack by viral pathogens. To protect against this threat of infection, bacteria and archaea have evolved a wide array of defense mechanisms, singly and in combination. While immune diversity in a single organism likely reduces the chance of pathogen evolutionary escape, it remains puzzling why many prokaryotes also have multiple, seemingly redundant, copies of the same type of immune system. Here, we focus on the highly flexible CRISPR adaptive immune system, which is present in multiple copies in a surprising 28% of the prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq. We use a comparative genomics approach looking across all prokaryotes to demonstrate that on average, organisms are under selection to maintain more than one CRISPR array. Given this surprising conclusion, we consider several hypotheses concerning the source of selection and include a theoretical analysis of the possibility that a trade-off between memory span and learning speed could select for both "long-term memory" and "short-term memory" CRISPR arrays.