| Literature DB >> 31000886 |
Sven Kehl1, Christel Weiss2, Ulf Dammer1, Sebastian Berlit3, Thomas Große-Steffen3, Florian Faschingbauer1, Marc Sütterlin3, Matthias W Beckmann1, Michael O Schneider1.
Abstract
Purpose Induction of labour for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) foetus or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is common, but data are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to compare labour induction for SGA/IUGR with cases of normal foetal growth above the 10th percentile. Material and Methods This historical multicentre cohort study included singleton pregnancies at term. Labour induction for SGA/IUGR (IUGR group) was compared with cases of foetal growth above the 10th percentile (control group). Primary outcome measure was caesarean section rate. Results The caesarean section rate was not different between the 2 groups (27.0 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.9154). In the IUGR group, abnormal CTG was more common (30.8 vs. 21.9%, p = 0.0214), and foetal blood analysis was done more often (2.5 vs. 0.5%, p = 0.0261). There were more postpartum transfers to the NICU in the IUGR group (40.0 vs. 12.8%, p < 0.0001), too. Conclusion Induction of labour for foetal growth restriction was not associated with an increased rate of caesarean section.Entities:
Keywords: IUGR; SGA; caesarean section; foetal growth restriction; labour induction
Year: 2019 PMID: 31000886 PMCID: PMC6461466 DOI: 10.1055/a-0834-8199
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Flow chart.
Table 1 Demographic data of the control and the IUGR groups.
| Parameters | Control group (n = 2210) | IUGR group (n = 120) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data are presented as median (range) or mean with standard deviations; a p-value of < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. PI: pulsatility index; ARED: absent or reversed end-diastolic; CPR: cerebroplacental ratio; MCA: middle cerebral artery | |||
| Age (years) | 30.5 ± 5.4 | 28.7 ± 5.7 | 0.0005 |
| Height (cm) | 166.8 ± 6.6 | 163.9 ± 6.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 85.8 ± 17.0 | 75.3 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index | 30.8 ± 5.6 | 28.0 ± 5.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Gravidity | 1 (1 – 14) | 1 (1 – 9) | 0.0834 |
| Parity | 0 (0 – 9) | 0 (0 – 4) | 0.0237 |
| Gestational age (days) | 283.5 ± 7.7 | 272.7 ± 8.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3534.6 ± 445.0 (n = 2196) | 2519.8 ± 324.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Bishop score | 2 (0 – 6) | 1 (0 – 6) | 0.0021 |
| Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (n, %) | 209 (9.5%) | 15 (12.5%) | 0.2708 |
| Gestational diabetes (n, %) | 382 (17.3%) | 9 (7.5%) | 0.0052 |
| Cholestasis of pregnancy (n, %) | 37 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1.0000 |
| IUGR | |||
estimated weight < 3rd percentile | 45 (37.5%) | – | |
umbilical artery (PI > 95th percentile) (n, %) | 8 (6.7%) | – | |
ARED flow (n, %) | 1 (0.8%) | – | |
MCA (PI < 5th percentile (n, %) | 2 (1.7%) | – | |
CPR < 1.0 (n, %) | 12 (10.0%) | – | |
anhydramnios, oligohydramnios (n, %) | 129 (5.8%) | 19 (15.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Method used to induce labour | |||
balloon catheter | 197 (8.9%) | 14 (11.7%) | 0.3062 |
balloon catheter – dinoprostone | 14 (0.6%) | 4 (3.3%) | 0.0117 |
balloon catheter – misoprostol | 796 (36.0%) | 58 (48.3%) | 0.0064 |
balloon catheter – misoprostol – dinoprostone | 14 (0.6%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.1978 |
dinoprostone | 149 (6.7%) | 14 (11.7%) | 0.0394 |
dinoprostone – misoprostol | 87 (3.9%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.3228 |
misoprostol | 953 (43.1%) | 26 (21.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Table 2 Indications for inducing labour.
| Indications | Control group (n = 2210) | IUGR group (n = 120) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data are presented as absolute or relative frequencies; p-values < 0.05 are considered statistically significant. CTG: cardiotocography | |||
| Post-term pregnancy ≥ 41 + 0 GW | 1173 (53.6%) | 5 (4.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Gestational diabetes | 244 (11.1%) | 0 | 0.0001 |
| Maternal request | 205 (9.4%) | 3 (2.5%) | 0.0106 |
| Anhydramnios, oligohydramnios | 129 (5.9%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.0514 |
| Suspicion of macrosomia | 61 (2.8%) | 0 | 0.0732 |
| Decline in foetal movement | 26 (1.2%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.6543 |
| IUGR, placental insufficiency, pathological Doppler sonography | 36 (1.6%) | 90 (75.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Pre-eclampsia, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome | 158 (7.2%) | 12 (10.0%) | 0.2552 |
| Pathological CTG | 56 (2.6%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.3647 |
| Cholestasis of pregnancy | 36 (1.6%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1.0000 |
| Other | 66 (3.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | 1.0000 |
Table 3 Outcome parameters.
| Outcome parameters | Control group (n = 2210) | IUGR group (n = 120) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE: base excess; p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant; * Caesarean sections and unsuccessful inductions of labour were excluded; ** Caesarean sections were excluded | |||
| Birth procedure (n, %) | 0.9154 | ||
spontaneous delivery | 1402 (63.4%) | 77 (64%) | |
operative vaginal delivery | 229 (10.4%) | 11 (9%) | |
caesarean section | 579 (26.2%) | 32 (27%) | |
| Induction-to-labour interval (min)* | 1580.0 (97 – 13.975) | 1676.5 (371 – 6306) | 0.4317 |
| Vaginal birth within 24 hours (n, %)** | 717 (44.0) | 34 (38.6%) | 0.3242 |
| Vaginal birth within 48 hours (n, %)** | 1356 (83.2%) | 75 (85.2%) | 0.6178 |
| Unsuccessful induction of labour (no birth within 72 hours; n, %)** | 86 (5.3%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.3177 |
| Arterial umbilical blood pH < 7.05 (n, %) | 13 (0.6%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.5247 |
| Arterial umbilical blood pH < 7.10 (n, %) | 43 (1.9%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1.0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 (n, %) | 23 (1.1%) | 4 (3.4%) | 0.0462 |
| Apgar score at 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 23 (1.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.3692 |
| BE ≤ 12 and Apgar score at 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 5 (0.2%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Pathological CTG (n, %) | 483 (21.9%) | 37 (30.8%) | 0.0214 |
| Foetal blood analysis (n, %) | 10 (0.5%) | 3 (2.5%) | 0.0261 |
| Epidural anaesthesia (n, %) | 906 (41.3%) | 38 (31.9%) | 0.0438 |
| Oxytocin (n, %) | 959 (43.9%) | 47 (39.5%) | 0.3509 |
| Green amniotic fluid (n, %) | 407 (18.4%) | 17 (14.2%) | 0.2400 |
| Amniotic infection syndrome (n, %) | 3 (0.1%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Postpartum transfer to a paediatric unit (n, %) | 282 (12.8%) | 48 (40.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Respiratory adaptation disorder (n, %) | 84 (30.1%) | 11 (23.4%) | 0.3311 |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia (n, %) | 6 (2.2%) | 0 | 0.5983 |
| Hypoglycaemia (n, %) | 61 (21.9%) | 19 (49.4%) | 0.0062 |
| SGA (n, %) | 0 | 9 (19.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Suspicion of infection (n, %) | 89 (31.9%) | 1 (2.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Other (n, %) | 39 (14.0%) | 7 (14.9%) | 0.8676 |
| Neonatal infection (n, %) | 81 (3.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.4413 |
| Puerperal endometritis (n, %) | 4 (0.2%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
Table 4 Outcome parameters stratified according to parity.
| Outcome parameters | Primiparae | Multiparae | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n = 1372) | IUGR (n = 89) | p-value | Control group (n = 838) | IUGR (n = 31) | p-Wert | |
| A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant; * Caesarean sections and unsuccessful inductions of labour were excluded; ** Caesarean sections were excluded; NE = not evaluable | ||||||
| Birth procedure (n, %) | 0.3803 | 0.2211 | ||||
spontaneous delivery | 672 (49.0%) | 49 (55%) | 730 (87.1%) | 28 (90%) | ||
operative vaginal delivery | 203 (14.8%) | 9 (10%) | 26 (3.1%) | 2 (6%) | ||
caesarean section | 497 (36.2%) | 31 (35%) | 82 (9.8%) | 1 (3%) | ||
| Induction-to-delivery interval (min)* | 1818.0 (288 – 9723) | 1735.0 (407 – 6306) | 0.8816 | 1285.0 (97 – 13.975) | 1541.5 (371 – 4209) | 0.5158 |
| Vaginal birth within 24 hours (n, %)** | 304 (34.7%) | 21 (36%) | 0.8207 | 413 (54.7%) | 13 (43%) | 0.2203 |
| Vaginal birth within 48 hours (n, %)** | 693 (79.2%) | 47 (81%) | 0.7384 | 663 (87.8%) | 28 (93%) | 0.5654 |
| Unsuccessful induction of labour (no birth within 72 hours; n, %)** | 59 (6.7%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.5784 | 27 (3.6%) | 0 | 0.6190 |
| Arterial umbilical blood pH < 7.05 (n, %) | 10 (0.7%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.5011 | 3 (0.4%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Arterial umbilical pH < 7.10 (n, %) | 35 (2.6%) | 2 (2%) | 1.0000 | 8 (1.0%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 (n, %) | 17 (1.3%) | 4 (5%) | 0.0334 | 6 (0.7%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Apgar score at 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 22 (1.6%) | 2 (2%) | 0.6526 | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 and Apgar score at 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 5 (0.4%) | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | NE |
| Pathological CTG (n, %) | 384 (28.0%) | 34 (38%) | 0.0388 | 99 (11.8%) | 3 (10%) | 1.0000 |
| Foetal blood analysis (n, %) | 10 (0.7%) | 3 (3.4%) | 0.0400 | 0 | 0 | NE |
| Epidural anaesthesia (n, %) | 737 (54.2%) | 34 (38%) | 0.0035 | 169 (20.2%) | 4 (13%) | 0.3528 |
| Oxytocin (n, %) | 772 (57.1%) | 45 (51%) | 0.2773 | 187 (22.4%) | 2 (6%) | 0.0346 |
| Green amniotic fluid (n, %) | 311 (22.7%) | 14 (16%) | 0.1273 | 96 (11.5%) | 3 (10%) | 1.0000 |
| Amniotic infection syndrome (n, %) | 3 (0.2%) | 0 | 1.0000 | 0 | 0 | NE |
| Postpartum transfer to a paediatric unit (n, %) | 203 (14.8%) | 42 (47%) | < 0.0001 | 79 (9.4%) | 6 (19%) | 0.1118 |
| Respiratory adaptation disorder (n, %) | 68 (33.7%) | 10 (24%) | 0.2462 | 16 (21%) | 1 (17%) | 1.0000 |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia (n, %) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 | 1.0000 | 4 (5%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Hypoglycaemia (n, %) | 36 (17.8%) | 18 (44%) | 0.0002 | 25 (32%) | 1 (17%) | 0.6599 |
| IUGR (n, %) | 0 | 6 (14%) | < 0.0001 | 0 | 3 (50%) | < 0.0001 |
| Suspicion of infection (n, %) | 72 (35.6%) | 1 (2%) | < 0.0001 | 17 (22%) | 0 | 0.3378 |
| Other (n, %) | 24 (11.9%) | 6 (15%) | 0.6252 | 15 (19%) | 1 (17%) | 1.0000 |
| Neonatal infection (n, %) | 64 (4.7%) | 2 (2%) | 0.4385 | 17 (2.0%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
| Puerperal endometritis (n, %) | 2 (0.15%) | 0 | 1.0000 | 2 (0.2%) | 0 | 1.0000 |
Abb. 1Flowchart.
Tab. 1 Demografische Angaben der Kontroll- und IUGR-Gruppe.
| Parameter | Kontrollgruppe (n = 2210) | IUGR-Gruppe (n = 120) | p-Wert |
|---|---|---|---|
| Die Daten werden als Median (Spannbreite) oder als Durchschnittswert mit Standardabweichung angegeben, ein p-Wert < 0,05 gilt als signifikant. PI: Pulsatilitätsindex; ARED: Absent or reversed enddiastolic; ACM: A. cerebri media; CPR: zerebroplazentare Ratio | |||
| Alter (Jahre) | 30,5 ± 5,4 | 28,7 ± 5,7 | 0,0005 |
| Größe (cm) | 166,8 ± 6,6 | 163,9 ± 6,7 | < 0,0001 |
| Gewicht (kg) | 85,8 ± 17,0 | 75,3 ± 14,0 | < 0,0001 |
| Body-Mass-Index | 30,8 ± 5,6 | 28,0 ± 5,0 | < 0,0001 |
| Gravidität | 1 (1 – 14) | 1 (1 – 9) | 0,0834 |
| Parität | 0 (0 – 9) | 0 (0 – 4) | 0,0237 |
| Gestationsalter (Tage) | 283,5 ± 7,7 | 272,7 ± 8,6 | < 0,0001 |
| Geburtsgewicht (Gramm) | 3534,6 ± 445,0 (n = 2196) | 2519,8 ± 324,2 | < 0,0001 |
| Bishop Score | 2 (0 – 6) | 1 (0 – 6) | 0,0021 |
| hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen (HES; n, %) | 209 (9,5%) | 15 (12,5%) | 0,2708 |
| Gestationsdiabetes (n, %) | 382 (17,3%) | 9 (7,5%) | 0,0052 |
| Schwangerschaftscholestase (n, %) | 37 (1,7%) | 2 (1,7%) | 1,0000 |
| IUGR | |||
Schätzgewicht < 3. Perzentile | 45 (37,5%) | – | |
A. umbilicalis (PI > 95. Perzentile) (n, %) | 8 (6,7%) | – | |
ARED Flow (n, %) | 1 (0,8%) | – | |
ACM (PI < 5. Perzentile (n, %) | 2 (1,7%) | – | |
CPR < 1,0 (n, %) | 12 (10,0%) | – | |
Anhydramnion, Oligohydramnion (n, %) | 129 (5,8%) | 19 (15,8%) | < 0,0001 |
| Methode der Geburtseinleitung | |||
Ballonkatheter | 197 (8,9%) | 14 (11,7%) | 0,3062 |
Ballonkatheter – Dinoproston | 14 (0,6%) | 4 (3,3%) | 0,0117 |
Ballonkatheter – Misoprostol | 796 (36,0%) | 58 (48,3%) | 0,0064 |
Ballonkatheter – Misoprostol – Dinoproston | 14 (0,6%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,1978 |
Dinoproston | 149 (6,7%) | 14 (11,7%) | 0,0394 |
Dinoproston – Misoprostol | 87 (3,9%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,3228 |
Misoprostol | 953 (43,1%) | 26 (21,7%) | < 0,0001 |
Tab. 2 Indikationen zur Geburtseinleitung.
| Indikationen | Kontrollgruppe (n = 2210) | IUGR-Gruppe (n = 120) | p-Wert |
|---|---|---|---|
| Die Daten werden als absolute oder relative Häufigkeiten angegeben, p-Werte < 0,05 gelten als signifikant. CTG: Kardiotokografie | |||
| Terminüberschreitung ≥ 41 + 0 SSW | 1173 (53,6%) | 5 (4,2%) | < 0,0001 |
| Gestationsdiabetes | 244 (11,1%) | 0 | 0,0001 |
| Wunsch | 205 (9,4%) | 3 (2,5%) | 0,0106 |
| Anhydramnion, Oligohydramnion | 129 (5,9%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,0514 |
| Verdacht auf Makrosomie | 61 (2,8%) | 0 | 0,0732 |
| nachlassende Kindsbewegungen | 26 (1,2%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,6543 |
| IUGR, Plazentainsuffizienz, pathologische Doppler-Sonografie | 36 (1,6%) | 90 (75,0%) | < 0,0001 |
| Präeklampsie, hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankung, HELLP-Syndrom | 158 (7,2%) | 12 (10,0%) | 0,2552 |
| pathologisches CTG | 56 (2,6%) | 1 (0,8%) | 0,3647 |
| Schwangerschaftscholestase | 36 (1,6%) | 2 (1,7%) | 1,0000 |
| sonstige | 66 (3,0%) | 3 (2,5%) | 1,0000 |
Tab. 3 Outcome-Parameter.
| Outcome-Parameter | Kontrollgruppe (n = 2210) | IUGR-Gruppe (n = 120) | p-Wert |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE: Basendefizit; p-Werte < 0,05 wurden als signifikant betrachtet; * Kaiserschnitte und frustrane Geburtseinleitungen wurden ausgeschlossen; ** Kaiserschnitte wurden ausgeschlossen. | |||
| Geburtsmodus (n, %) | 0,9154 | ||
Spontangeburt | 1402 (63,4%) | 77 (64%) | |
vaginal-operative Entbindung | 229 (10,4%) | 11 (9%) | |
Kaiserschnitt | 579 (26,2%) | 32 (27%) | |
| Einleitung-Geburt-Intervall (min)* | 1580,0 (97 – 13,975) | 1676,5 (371 – 6306) | 0,4317 |
| vaginale Geburt innerhalb von 24 Stunden (n, %)** | 717 (44,0) | 34 (38,6%) | 0,3242 |
| vaginale Geburt innerhalb von 48 Stunden (n, %)** | 1356 (83,2%) | 75 (85,2%) | 0,6178 |
| frustrane Geburtseinleitung (keine Geburt innerhalb von 72 Stunden; n, %)** | 86 (5,3%) | 2 (2,3%) | 0,3177 |
| arterieller Nabelschnurblut-pH-Wert < 7,05 (n, %) | 13 (0,6%) | 1 (0,8%) | 0,5247 |
| arterieller Nabelschnurblut-pH-Wert < 7,10 (n, %) | 43 (1,9%) | 2 (1,7%) | 1,0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 (n, %) | 23 (1,1%) | 4 (3,4%) | 0,0462 |
| Apgar-Wert nach 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 23 (1,0%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,3692 |
| BE ≤ 12 und Apgar-Wert nach 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 5 (0,2%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| pathologisches CTG (n, %) | 483 (21,9%) | 37 (30,8%) | 0,0214 |
| Fetalblutanalyse (n, %) | 10 (0,5%) | 3 (2,5%) | 0,0261 |
| Periduralanästhesie (n, %) | 906 (41,3%) | 38 (31,9%) | 0,0438 |
| Oxytocin (n, %) | 959 (43,9%) | 47 (39,5%) | 0,3509 |
| grünes Fruchtwasser (n, %) | 407 (18,4%) | 17 (14,2%) | 0,2400 |
| Amnioninfektionssyndrom (n, %) | 3 (0,1%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| postnataler Transfer in die Kinderklinik (n, %) | 282 (12,8%) | 48 (40,0%) | < 0,0001 |
| respiratorische Anpassungsstörung (n, %) | 84 (30,1%) | 11 (23,4%) | 0,3311 |
| Hyperbilirubinämie (n, %) | 6 (2,2%) | 0 | 0,5983 |
| Hypoglykämie (n, %) | 61 (21,9%) | 19 (49,4%) | 0,0062 |
| SGA (n, %) | 0 | 9 (19,1%) | < 0,0001 |
| Verdacht auf Infektion (n, %) | 89 (31,9%) | 1 (2,1%) | < 0,0001 |
| sonstige (n, %) | 39 (14,0%) | 7 (14,9%) | 0,8676 |
| Infektion des Neugeborenen (n, %) | 81 (3,7%) | 2 (1,7%) | 0,4413 |
| puerperale Endometritis (n, %) | 4 (0,2%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
Tab. 4 Outcome-Parameter stratifiziert nach der Parität.
| Outcome-Parameter | Erstgebärende | Mehrgebärende | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kontrollgruppe (n = 1372) | IUGR (n = 89) | p-Wert | Kontrollgruppe (n = 838) | IUGR (n = 31) | p-Wert | |
| p-Werte < 0,05 wurden als signifikant betrachtet; * Kaiserschnitte und frustrane Geburtseinleitungen wurden ausgeschlossen; ** Kaiserschnitte wurden ausgeschlossen; n. a. = nicht auswertbar | ||||||
| Geburtsmodus (n, %) | 0,3803 | 0,2211 | ||||
Spontangeburt | 672 (49,0%) | 49 (55%) | 730 (87,1%) | 28 (90%) | ||
vaginal-operative Entbindung | 203 (14,8%) | 9 (10%) | 26 (3,1%) | 2 (6%) | ||
Kaiserschnitt | 497 (36,2%) | 31 (35%) | 82 (9,8%) | 1 (3%) | ||
| Einleitung-Geburt-Intervall (min)* | 1818,0 (288 – 9723) | 1735,0 (407 – 6306) | 0,8816 | 1285,0 (97 – 13,975) | 1541,5 (371 – 4209) | 0,5158 |
| vaginale Geburt innerhalb von 24 Stunden (n, %)** | 304 (34,7%) | 21 (36%) | 0,8207 | 413 (54,7%) | 13 (43%) | 0,2203 |
| vaginale Geburt innerhalb von 48 Stunden (n, %)** | 693 (79,2%) | 47 (81%) | 0,7384 | 663 (87,8%) | 28 (93%) | 0,5654 |
| frustrane Geburtseinleitung (keine Geburt innerhalb von 72 Stunden; n, %)** | 59 (6,7%) | 2 (3,4%) | 0,5784 | 27 (3,6%) | 0 | 0,6190 |
| arterieller Nabelschnurblut-pH-Wert < 7,05 (n, %) | 10 (0,7%) | 1 (1,1%) | 0,5011 | 3 (0,4%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| arterieller Nabelschnurblut-pH-Wert < 7,10 (n, %) | 35 (2,6%) | 2 (2%) | 1,0000 | 8 (1,0%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 (n, %) | 17 (1,3%) | 4 (5%) | 0,0334 | 6 (0,7%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| Apgar-Wert nach 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 22 (1,6%) | 2 (2%) | 0,6526 | 1 (0,1%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| BE ≤ 12 und Apgar-Wert nach 5 min < 7 (n, %) | 5 (0,4%) | 0 | 1,0000 | 0 | 0 | n. a. |
| pathologisches CTG (n, %) | 384 (28,0%) | 34 (38%) | 0,0388 | 99 (11,8%) | 3 (10%) | 1,0000 |
| Fetalblutanalyse (n, %) | 10 (0,7%) | 3 (3,4%) | 0,0400 | 0 | 0 | n. a. |
| Periduralanästhesie (n, %) | 737 (54,2%) | 34 (38%) | 0,0035 | 169 (20,2%) | 4 (13%) | 0,3528 |
| Oxytocin (n, %) | 772 (57,1%) | 45 (51%) | 0,2773 | 187 (22,4%) | 2 (6%) | 0,0346 |
| grünes Fruchtwasser (n, %) | 311 (22,7%) | 14 (16%) | 0,1273 | 96 (11,5%) | 3 (10%) | 1,0000 |
| Amnioninfektionssyndrom (n, %) | 3 (0,2%) | 0 | 1,0000 | 0 | 0 | n. a. |
| postnataler Transfer in die Kinderklinik (n, %) | 203 (14,8%) | 42 (47%) | < 0,0001 | 79 (9,4%) | 6 (19%) | 0,1118 |
| respiratorische Anpassungsstörung (n, %) | 68 (33,7%) | 10 (24%) | 0,2462 | 16 (21%) | 1 (17%) | 1,0000 |
| Hyperbilirubinämie (n, %) | 2 (1,0%) | 0 | 1,0000 | 4 (5%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| Hypoglykämie (n, %) | 36 (17,8%) | 18 (44%) | 0,0002 | 25 (32%) | 1 (17%) | 0,6599 |
| IUGR (n, %) | 0 | 6 (14%) | < 0,0001 | 0 | 3 (50%) | < 0,0001 |
| Verdacht auf Infektion (n, %) | 72 (35,6%) | 1 (2%) | < 0,0001 | 17 (22%) | 0 | 0,3378 |
| sonstige (n, %) | 24 (11,9%) | 6 (15%) | 0,6252 | 15 (19%) | 1 (17%) | 1,0000 |
| Infektion des Neugeborenen (n, %) | 64 (4,7%) | 2 (2%) | 0,4385 | 17 (2,0%) | 0 | 1,0000 |
| puerperale Endometritis (n, %) | 2 (0,15%) | 0 | 1,0000 | 2 (0,2%) | 0 | 1,0000 |