Kazuyo Nomura1,2, Mihoko Yamaguchi3, Madoka Yokoyama4, Madoka Shiota5, Kousaku Ohno6, Yoshihiro Maegaki2. 1. Faculty of Education, Tokoha University, Shizuoka 422-8581, Japan. 2. ¶Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan. 3. †Yonago Child Guidance Center, Yonago 683-0052, Japan. 4. ‡Tottori Prefecture Welfare Office, Tottori 680-0901, Japan. 5. §Tottori Prefecture Rehabilitation Center for children with disabilities, Yonago 683-0004, Japan. 6. ||Sanin Rosai Hospital, Yonago 683-8605, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with intellectual disabilities may be associated with many factors. This study focused on patients with ASD with intellectual disabilities, defined by a threshold intelligence quotient (IQ) or development quotient (DQ) of 70. We also discuss comorbidities and other factors related to ASD. METHODS: We extracted case records of patients born between April 1995 and March 2001 who lived in Yonago City, as of January 2011, and had visited the two specialist institutions for consultation regarding developmental issues. The list was further narrowed down to patients identified, as having ASD by pediatric neurologists based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5). We selected patients with < IQ/DQ 70 using the most recent intelligence/development test to determine comorbidities and other factors related to ASD. RESULTS: The data of 81 patients (59 males and 22 females) were extracted, corresponding to an incidence of 76.2 patients out of every 10,000 births. The male-to-female ratio was 2.7:1. Comorbidities and related factors of ASD were observed in 25 cases (30.9%). Eleven cases had perinatal abnormalities. Other abnormalities were observed in 17 cases, including epilepsies in 7, chromosomal abnormalities in 4, familial mental retardation in 1, and acquired brain injury in 1. CONCLUSION: It is important to treat and support individuals with ASD and intellectual disabilities taking into account the characteristics and prognosis of the comorbidities and related factors.
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with intellectual disabilities may be associated with many factors. This study focused on patients with ASD with intellectual disabilities, defined by a threshold intelligence quotient (IQ) or development quotient (DQ) of 70. We also discuss comorbidities and other factors related to ASD. METHODS: We extracted case records of patients born between April 1995 and March 2001 who lived in Yonago City, as of January 2011, and had visited the two specialist institutions for consultation regarding developmental issues. The list was further narrowed down to patients identified, as having ASD by pediatric neurologists based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5). We selected patients with < IQ/DQ 70 using the most recent intelligence/development test to determine comorbidities and other factors related to ASD. RESULTS: The data of 81 patients (59 males and 22 females) were extracted, corresponding to an incidence of 76.2 patients out of every 10,000 births. The male-to-female ratio was 2.7:1. Comorbidities and related factors of ASD were observed in 25 cases (30.9%). Eleven cases had perinatal abnormalities. Other abnormalities were observed in 17 cases, including epilepsies in 7, chromosomal abnormalities in 4, familial mental retardation in 1, and acquired brain injury in 1. CONCLUSION: It is important to treat and support individuals with ASD and intellectual disabilities taking into account the characteristics and prognosis of the comorbidities and related factors.
Entities:
Keywords:
autism spectrum disorder; incidence; intellectual disabilities; related factors
Authors: Abraham Reichenberg; Raz Gross; Mark Weiser; Michealine Bresnahan; Jeremy Silverman; Susan Harlap; Jonathan Rabinowitz; Cory Shulman; Dolores Malaspina; Gad Lubin; Haim Y Knobler; Michael Davidson; Ezra Susser Journal: Arch Gen Psychiatry Date: 2006-09