Flagellar Stators Activate a Diguanylate Cyclase To Inhibit Flagellar Stators

The bacterial secondary metabolite cyclic di-GMP is a widespread, cytoplasmic signal that promotes a physiological transition in which motility is inhibited and biofilm formation is activated. A paper published in this issue (A. E. Baker, S. S. Webster, A. Diepold, S. L. Kuchma, E. Bordeleau, et al., J Bacteriol 201:e00741-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00741-18) makes an important connection between cyclic di-GMP and flagellar components. They show that stator units, which normally interact with the flagellum to power rotation, can alternatively interact with and activate an enzyme that synthesizes cyclic di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the same stator units are also the target of cyclic-di-GMP-dependent inhibition such that the more the stators are inhibited, the more cyclic di-GMP is made. The resulting positive-feedback loop not only inhibits motility but also may initiate and stabilize biofilm formation.