Integration of vector-containing Bacillus subtilis chromosomal DNA by a Campbell-like mechanism.

Using plasmid pHV60, which contains a chloramphenicol resistance (Cmr) gene that is expressed in Bacillus subtilis, a set of transformation-deficient strains of B. subtilis was isolated by insertional mutagenesis. When chromosomal DNA from these mutants was used to transform a transformation-proficient B. subtilis strain, almost all of the Cmr transformants had the mutant phenotype as expected. However, with a frequency of approximately 3 X 10(-4) atypical transformants with the wild-type phenotype were produced. Data concerning amplification of the DNA containing the Cmr marker and duplication of DNA sequences are presented that suggest that these atypical transformants are the result of a Campbell-like integration of the chromosomal DNA containing the integrated plasmid. Transductional mapping showed that in the atypical transformants the vector-containing DNA had a strong tendency to integrate at sites adjacent to the original site of integration, although integration at sites elsewhere on the chromosome was also observed. The production of atypical transformants is explained on the basis of integration of chromosomal DNA by a Campbell-like mechanism. Circularization of vector-containing chromosomal DNA is thought to occur through joining of the extremities of single-stranded DNA molecules by fortuitous base pairing with an independently entered single-stranded DNA molecule.