Construction of first-generation lactococcal integrative cloning vectors.

Using a randomly-cloned, HindIII-digested, chromosomal fragment from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM0230, first-generation lactococcal integrative cloning vectors were developed. Through dideoxy DNA sequence analysis, the cloned chromosomal DNA fragment was determined to be 1026 base pairs. Southern hybridization studies demonstrated applicability of the integrative vector to other strains of L. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. Identification of a single NruI site near the middle of the chromosomal fragment allowed insertion of the erythromycin (Em)-resistance (eryr) gene obtained from L. lactis IL1837. Integration of the eryr gene into the L. lactis LM0230 chromosome was achieved by a Campbell-like recombination. The nisin (Nis)-resistance (nisr) gene from L. lactis IL1904 was inserted into the NruI site in a separate clone and integration into the L. lactis LM0230 chromosome was achieved via a replacement recombination event following electroporation of the linearized nisr fragment flanked by the cloned chromosomal DNA. Transformants grown in the absence of either Em or Nis for > 200 generations and subsequently transferred to various concentrations of the selectable agent confirmed the stability of the integrated genes. Further studies involving the Nis-resistant (NisR) transformant suggested that the integrated nisr gene may be amplifying within the host chromosome.