Metabolomics in early detection and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the most dangerous types of coronary heart disease (CHD) and contributes to significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Outcomes in these patients remain a challenge despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Risk stratification continues to be problematic and the identification of novel predictors is crucial for improved outcomes. As such, there is a strong need for the development of novel analytical methods as well as the characterization of better predictive and prognostic biomarkers to enable more personalized treatment. Metabolite profile analysis may greatly assist in interpreting altered pathway dynamics, especially when combined with other 'omics' technologies such as transcriptomics and proteomics. In this review, we describe ACS pathophysiology and recent advances in the role of metabolomics in the diagnosis and the molecular pathogenesis of ACS. We briefly describe key technologies used in metabolomics research and statistical approaches for data reduction and pathway analysis and discuss their application to CHD.