William S Chen1, Rahul Aggarwal2, Li Zhang3, Shuang G Zhao4, George V Thomas5, Tomasz M Beer5, David A Quigley6, Adam Foye2, Denise Playdle2, Jiaoti Huang7, Paul Lloyd2, Eric Lu5, Duanchen Sun5, Xiangnan Guan5, Matthew Rettig8, Martin Gleave9, Christopher P Evans10, Jack Youngren2, Lawrence True11, Primo Lara10, Vishal Kothari6, Zheng Xia5, Kim N Chi9, Robert E Reiter12, Christopher A Maher13, Felix Y Feng14, Eric J Small15, Joshi J Alumkal5. 1. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 2. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 3. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 4. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 5. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. 6. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 7. Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 8. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 9. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 10. University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. 11. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 12. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 13. Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 14. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 15. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: eric.small@ucsf.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the lethal form of the disease. Several recent studies have identified genomic alterations in mCRPC, but the clinical implications of these genomic alterations have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the association between key driver gene alterations and overall survival (OS), and to use whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing to identify genomic drivers of enzalutamide resistance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed survival analyses and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on WGS and RNA sequencing results for a cohort of 101 mCRPC patients. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: OS was the clinical endpoint for all univariate and multivariable survival analyses. Candidate drivers of enzalutamide resistance were identified in an unbiased manner, and mutations of the top candidate were further assessed for enrichment among enzalutamide-resistant patients using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Harboring two DNA alterations in RB1 was independently predictive of poor OS (median 14.1 vs 42.0mo; p=0.007) for men with mCRPC. GSEA identified the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as the top differentially modulated pathway among enzalutamide-resistant patients. Furthermore, β-catenin mutations were exclusive to enzalutamide-resistant patients (p=0.01) and independently predictive of poor OS (median 13.6 vs 41.7mo; p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of two RB1 DNA alterations identified in our WGS analysis was independently associated with poor OS among men with mCRPC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in enzalutamide resistance, with differential pathway expression and enrichment of β-catenin mutations in enzalutamide-resistant patients. Moreover, β-catenin mutations were predictive of poor OS in our cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY: We observed a correlation between genomic findings for biopsy samples from metastases from men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and clinical outcomes. This work sheds new light on clinically relevant genomic alterations in mCRPC and provides a roadmap for the development of new personalized treatment regimens in mCRPC.
BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the lethal form of the disease. Several recent studies have identified genomic alterations in mCRPC, but the clinical implications of these genomic alterations have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the association between key driver gene alterations and overall survival (OS), and to use whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing to identify genomic drivers of enzalutamide resistance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed survival analyses and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on WGS and RNA sequencing results for a cohort of 101 mCRPC patients. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: OS was the clinical endpoint for all univariate and multivariable survival analyses. Candidate drivers of enzalutamide resistance were identified in an unbiased manner, and mutations of the top candidate were further assessed for enrichment among enzalutamide-resistant patients using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Harboring two DNA alterations in RB1 was independently predictive of poor OS (median 14.1 vs 42.0mo; p=0.007) for men with mCRPC. GSEA identified the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as the top differentially modulated pathway among enzalutamide-resistant patients. Furthermore, β-catenin mutations were exclusive to enzalutamide-resistant patients (p=0.01) and independently predictive of poor OS (median 13.6 vs 41.7mo; p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of two RB1 DNA alterations identified in our WGS analysis was independently associated with poor OS among men with mCRPC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in enzalutamide resistance, with differential pathway expression and enrichment of β-catenin mutations in enzalutamide-resistant patients. Moreover, β-catenin mutations were predictive of poor OS in our cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY: We observed a correlation between genomic findings for biopsy samples from metastases from men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and clinical outcomes. This work sheds new light on clinically relevant genomic alterations in mCRPC and provides a roadmap for the development of new personalized treatment regimens in mCRPC.
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