[Markers of endothelial dysfunction: pathogenetic role and diagnostic significance.]

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is considered one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of a whole range of diseases. Detection of specific biochemical markers in the blood is an effective way to ED diagnostics that characterize the vascular endothelium state. This review highlights the pathogenetic role of the factors synthesized by endotheliocytes whose level changes in biological fluids reflect violations of the endothelium basic physiological properties: vasomotor function, thromboresistance, angiogenesis regulation, barrier and adhesion functions. In particular, the participation of nitric oxide metabolites, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, metabolic products of arachidonic acid, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibine-1 and adhesion molecules in the onset and development of ED are reviewed. The diagnostic significances of factors damaging endothelium, such as C-reactive protein, homocysteine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, are discussed. In addition, the literature data of recent years about the prospects of clinical implication the detection of the above-mentioned factors which indicates structural and functional endothelial cells damage are given. Particular attention is paid to the ED markers detection prognostic significance and the possibility of their practical use for the ED diagnosis. The search of literature for the current review was conducted in RSIC, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine and PubMed databases from 2012 to 2018 using the following keywords: endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibin-1, adhesive molecules, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.