The influence of age and performance on hippocampal function and the encoding of contextual information in early childhood.

Studies in school-aged children and adults consistently implicate hippocampus, cortical regions, and their interaction as being critical for memory. However, few studies have examined this neural network in younger children (<8 years), despite the fact that behavioral studies consistently report substantial improvements in memory earlier in life. This study aimed to fill this gap by integrating task-based (i.e., memory encoding task) and task-free fMRI scans in 4- to 8-year-old children. Results showed that during memory encoding the hippocampus and several cortical regions (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus, IFG) were activated, consistent with findings in older individuals. Novel findings during memory encoding showed: 1) additional regions (i.e., orbital frontal gyrus, OFG) were recruited, 2) hippocampal activation varied due to age and performance, and 3) differentiation of connectivity between hippocampal subregions and IFG was greater in older versus younger participants, implying increased speicalization with age. Novel findings from task-free fMRI data suggested the extent of functional differentiation along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, particularly between hippocampus and OFG, was moderated by both age and performance. Our findings support and extend previous research, suggesting that maturation of hippocampal activity, connectivity, and differentiation may all contribute to development of memory during early childhood.