Farhad Vahid1, Nitin Shivappa2,3,4, Azita Hekmatdoost5, James R Hebert2,3,4, Hossein Poustchi6, Ali Shamsipour5, Tannaz Eslamparast5, Mohammad Meibodi5, Diyako Rahmani7. 1. 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 2. 2 Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. 3. 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. 4. 4 Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), Columbia, SC 29201, USA. 5. 5 Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 6. 6 Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Group, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 7. 7 Department of communication, journalism and marketing, Massey University, New Zealand.
Abstract
Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is considered as a major health problem in the world. There is much evidence that diet and dietary factors play an important role in inflammation, and consequently pathogenesis of NAFLD. To investigate the role of diet in the development of inflammation, we can use the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), which has been shown to be predictive of levels of inflammatory markers. Methods: 295 incident cases were selected using the convenience-sampling procedure, and 704 controls randomly were selected from the same clinic and among the patients who had no hepatic steatosis and were frequency-matched on age (±5 years) and sex. The DII was computed based on dietary intake from 168-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable ORs. Results: Subjects in tertile 3 had 1.57 (95% CI: 1.13-2.20), 1.78 (95% CI: 1.19-2.67), and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.32-3.09) times higher odds of developing NAFLD, compared to subjects in tertile 1 in models 1 (adjusted for age), 2 (model 1 + BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides) and 3 (model 2 + aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase), respectively. When used as a continuous variable, one unit increase in DII was associated with 1.16 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.29), 1.21 (95% CI: 1.107, 1.37) and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.43) increase in odds of NAFLD in models one, 2 and 3 respectively. Conclusion: Subjects who consumed a more pro-inflammatory diet were at increased odds of NAFLD.
Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is considered as a major health problem in the world. There is much evidence that diet and dietary factors play an important role in inflammation, and consequently pathogenesis of NAFLD. To investigate the role of diet in the development of inflammation, we can use the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), which has been shown to be predictive of levels of inflammatory markers. Methods: 295 incident cases were selected using the convenience-sampling procedure, and 704 controls randomly were selected from the same clinic and among the patients who had no hepatic steatosis and were frequency-matched on age (±5 years) and sex. The DII was computed based on dietary intake from 168-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable ORs. Results: Subjects in tertile 3 had 1.57 (95% CI: 1.13-2.20), 1.78 (95% CI: 1.19-2.67), and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.32-3.09) times higher odds of developing NAFLD, compared to subjects in tertile 1 in models 1 (adjusted for age), 2 (model 1 + BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides) and 3 (model 2 + aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase), respectively. When used as a continuous variable, one unit increase in DII was associated with 1.16 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.29), 1.21 (95% CI: 1.107, 1.37) and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.43) increase in odds of NAFLD in models one, 2 and 3 respectively. Conclusion: Subjects who consumed a more pro-inflammatory diet were at increased odds of NAFLD.