Pupation-temperature range in 12 Drosophila species from different ecological backgrounds.

A comparison of pupation-temperature range was made in the laboratory on a temperature gradient (3-38 degrees C) using 12 species of Drosophila representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest: virilis group; desert: repleta group; cosmopolitan: melanogaster group; tropical forest: willistoni group). Within groups, differences are found which usually reflect species' distributions. Comparisons of species' mating-, oviposition- and pupation-temperature ranges reveal that pupation most often occurs at temperatures beyond those for mating and oviposition. Each species reflects a different combination of temperature effects. Individual species have different temperature-limits for mating, oviposition and pupation. Temperatures permissive for one response are not predictive of limits on other responses. Among species, temperature can affect a particular response differently. Within groups, species differences can be at high and/or low temperatures for any response, and temperature effects among closely related species can manifest themselves in one, or any combination of responses. One cannot predict which responses will be most and least limited, or at which end of the temperature scale a response will be most limited. Among groups, common, but not absolute temperature ranges generally correspond to the geographic distributions and ecological backgrounds of the species triads. The evaluation of temperature effects on species, based on a single activity, may not be adequate for predicting adaptive strategies.